How The Other Half Lives Essay - 1805 Words

The variations in the living standards among the people from place to place, and from time to time have always been existent. Greed, injustice and inequality are the three sides of the triangle of poverty and wherever we see them, poverty is always there. Humans cannot overcome a serious problem such as poverty without addressing those three main causes. Even this problem is worldwide; it varies from one area to another. It is higher in areas which were colonized for a long time before such as Africa, Asia and Latin America than other areas which were not colonized for a long time such as Europe and America. We cannot imagine the swift change that happens in the last century in poverty. Surprisingly, it is only one percent of the population that controls most of the international financial assets, creating a massive change in the international landscape of poverty. It was mentioned in the introduction to the text that was taken from Jacob Riis’ book â€Å"How the Other Half Lives† this quotation: â€Å"Curiously, today, that economic divide has changed and we now speak of a much wider division: the one percent versus nighty nine percent†. It is interesting, but not surprising to see today with all modern thinking and technological progress, poverty is still growing to threaten our existence and it doesn’t seem to go away anytime soon. Most definitely, without addressing the three sides of the triangle of poverty which are greed, injustice and inequality, nothing really will workShow MoreRelatedHow The Other Half Lives By Edward Bellamy1111 Words   |  5 Pagesof the problems of social equality. In the novel â€Å"How the Other Half Lives† by Jacob A. Riis, he highlighted not only the horrendous living conditions of the poor, but also their working conditions. He both observed and documented the horrible impact that the slums of New York had on the people that lived there. He exposed the world of the â€Å"other half† . Both of these reformers expressed their views of how they perceived the progressive era and how it affected the overall population. Various socialRead MoreJacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Riis How the Other Half Lives In How the Other Half Lives, the author Jacob Riis sheds light on the darker side of tenant housing and urban dwellers. He goes to several different parts of the city of New York witnessing first hand the hardships that many immigrants faced when coming to America. His journalism and photographs of the conditions of the tenant housing helped led the way of reformation in the slums of New York. His research opened the eyes of many Americans to the darkerRead MoreHow The Other Half Lives1916 Words   |  8 PagesWell done, Jacob Riis, well done. In the book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890, harsh criticisms and observations, along with photojournalism, of the appalling conditions of New York City tenements and their neighborhoods are examined through the eyes of Jacob Riis. As a reporter at the time for The New York Tribune, his writing and photography sparked reform and forced many people, even the likes of Theodore Roosevelt, to focus their attention on the horrendous conditions in which theRead MoreThe Gilded Age By Jacob Riis1483 Words   |  6 Pageshowever, America appeared to be a country of chaos and desperation. The necessities that people could not imagine living without today, such as fresh air and sanitary houses, were often a luxury to these immigrants. Jacob Riis, the author of How the Other Half Lives, visited several areas in New York to observe the appalling living conditions that various immigrants were stuck in. After making these observations, Riis ultimately criticizes the greedy landlords but also places considerable amount of blameRead MoreThe Life of Immigrant Children In New York Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the â€Å"slum† landlords of these tenements exploited immigrants by charging them more rent than they could afford. As a result, every member of the family had to work—even young children. Subsequently, in 1890, Riis wrote a book entitled: How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements o f New York, which included his horrifying photographs and sketches, as means to expose to the middle class the chaotic environment of tenement living. Although Riss’s book exposes a myriad of social and economicRead MoreHow the Other Half Lives Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages17, 2005 Book Report #2 How the Other Half Lives Introduction The book How the Other Half lives, is one of those books that definitely affects you as soon as you read it. Jacob Riis the author of the book, wrote it exactly for the purpose, to affect people and get them to realize how bad the conditions were back then in New York City. He goes into full depth, of what the living conditions were like, who lived in them, and how they were affected by them. Mostly how each ethnic group lived inRead MoreHow the Other Half Lives Reflection999 Words   |  4 PagesMy Name Professor Name American History II 04October 2007 A Reflection on How the Other Half Lives by the Other Half The author of How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis, inscribes on the deplorable living conditions of the Progressive Era from a first-person perspective. Riis, an immigrant, police reporter, photojournalist and most importantly: a pioneer and social reformer, tells a very captivating yet appalling experience of the lower class life in New YorkRead MoreHow The Other Half Lives Is Hailed As The Defining Text1569 Words   |  7 PagesHow the Other Half Lives is hailed as the defining text in promoting awareness and civil action to improve the living conditions of the lower classes. The excerpt and images appeal to the audience’s emotion and sense of Christian service. Riis appeals to his audience through his words and accompanying pictures. He describes the lives of the tenement women and children, the most vulnerable of society. He focuses on the visible negative characteristics of his subjects’ poverty: abuse, hunger, diseaseRead MoreHow the Other Half Lives: The Por trayal of Jacob Riis1064 Words   |  5 PagesRiis’ views through his book ‘How the Other Half Lives,’ is conveyed by storytelling and is largely made of logos, however the key component is actually ethos, like a politician running a campaign, Jacob Riis’s uses logos and pathos to create a persona of authority on the topic of the poor in New York City. I am going to look in depth on how Riis uses different approaches to convey his views to his audience: why does do some of Riis’ key texts contradict each other? Is he conscious of if? Is itRead More The Reality of Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reality of Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Jacob Riis’ book How the Other Half Lives is a detailed description on the poor and the destitute in the inner realms of New York City. Riis tries to portray the living conditions through the ‘eyes’ of his camera. He sneaks up on the people flashes a picture and then tells the rest of the city how the ‘other half’ is living. As shocking as the truth was without seeing such poverty and horrible conditions with their own eyes or taking in the experience

My Sociological Imagination Started Influencing Me A Lot

The term â€Å"Sociological Imagination† can be defined in various contexts and in different ways depending on the situation and surroundings. According to most researchers, the definition of the term varies from case to case. Due to different scenarios and observations, most researchers have failed to apply a single definition of the term. However, after studying a number of cases, there is a general definition that we can associate to this term, i.e. the interaction of one’s mind and its experiences. I, being an African-American, got the crucial grievance to be inspired by the relationship of the police and the Ferguson community on the tragedy to highlight the significance of the race. My sociological imagination started influencing me a lot. You are never sure of when and for what people get offended. What is right in my part of living today may be completely unacceptable in some other place. By shifting your social environment you are forced to rethink your path and doubt yourself. You cannot take things for granted. Other than this, systematic racism has been emerging in American society in every field. All the democrats as well as republicans have different views regarding tragic incident, happened on 9th August, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri a native of suburb of St. Louis. The prevailing issues are rich in demonstrating the sociological issues including inequality in terms of wealth and profiling on the basis of race and â€Å"criminalization of Black male youth†.Show MoreRelatedStudy Guide9234 Words   |  37 Pagesfactors that might influence a person’s decision rather than accepting commonsense answers. 2. What is the sociological imagination and how do history and personal biography affect it? If a sociologist studies the challenges experienced by a student earning a college degree, how could the lessons gained be described as â€Å"terrible† as well as â€Å"magnificent†? Sample answer:A sociological imagination provides the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and society at large, as wellRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesit is very difï ¬ cult to get bank loans at the start-up stage while becoming comparatively easier at the ï  ¬ ï  ¬ viii Entrepreneurship in India growth stage. Perceptions regarding bank ï ¬ nance have not improved in case of entrepreneurs who started ventures after 2000 and are mainly in knowledge intensive sectors. ï  ¬ 95% of entrepreneurs believe education is a critical success factor. Education is a key trigger to evoke entrepreneurial inclinations. 98% of the entrepreneurs are graduatesRead MoreIntroduction to Rizal Course11998 Words   |  48 PagesManuel influencing him to become athletic (fencing and wrestling). He was able to master the alphabet when he was three (3) years old. At his young age, he showed great interest in reading. He enjoyed reading books in their library at home with his mother as his critic. The young Rizal also showed his flair in sketching, painting, sculpture, and literature. At eight (8) years old, he was able to writ his first poem. This poem entitled by historians as â€Å"Sa Aking Mga Kababata† or â€Å"To My FellowRead MoreCulture of India9032 Words   |  37 Pagesapproach: it concentrates on the wonderous aspects of the culture of India. The focus of this approach of understanding Indian culture is to present the different, the strange and as Hegel put it, a country that has existed for millennia in the imaginations of the Europeans. * Magisterial approach: it assumes a sense of superiority and guardianhood necessary to deal with India, a country that James Mills imperialist history thought of as grotesquely primitive culture. While great many BritishRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesas â€Å"selectively Table 1 Skills of Effective Managers—One Study 1. Verbal communication (including listening) 2. Managing time and stress 3. Managing individual decisions 4. Recognizing, defining, and solving problems 5. Motivating and influencing others 6. Delegating 7. Setting goals and articulating a vision 8. Self-awareness 9. Team building 10. Managing conflict INTRODUCTION 9 Table 2 Critical Management Skills—A Sample of Studies RESULTS Building power and influence CommunicatingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MorePractical Guide to Market Research62092 Words   |  249 Pagesdone and it has kept me interested all my life. My first job was with the Dunlop Rubber Company, where I had the title â€Å"Marketing Executive† and where I spent happy days researching markets for the General Rubber Goods Division. I remember, as if yesterday, my very first assignment; I was asked to research the market for dock bay seals. I had no idea what they were and, as a new graduate, was too timid to ask. Furthermore, it was 1969 and there were few text books telling me how I should go aboutRead MoreMetz Film Lan guage a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesminimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst, ix Preface, xi A Note on Terminology, xiii I Phenomenological Approaches to Film Chapter I. On the Impression of Reality in the Cinema, 3 Chapter 2. Notes Toward a Phenomenology of the NarrativeRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesgreater conï ¬â€šict with managers, who often were ï ¬ red when they disagreed with him. As a result, many talented people left Ford to join a growing number of rival car companies. Outside the workplace, Ford went so far as to establish what he called the â€Å"Sociological Department† to check up on how his employees lived and the ways they spent their time. Inspectors from this department visited the homes of employees and investigated their habits and problems. Employees who exhibited behaviors contrary to Ford’sRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women

Accountant in Business Management Accounting

Questions: Demonstrate an understanding of the role and functions of accounting in an organisation. Examine the link between accounting and other key management functions. Explain the ways in which accounting policies can be influenced by factors external to a business. Demonstrate an appreciation for organisational factors. Answer: Introduction British Airways is the selected organization is the selected organization in the assignment. It is shortened to BA, which is known as the flag carrier airlines of the United Kingdom. It is the largest airline organization in the entire United Kingdom measured in terms of fleet size. However, when this particular airline, measured in terms of passengers, it is denoted as the second largest airlines in United Kingdom (Britishairways.com, 2016). The objective of this particular assignment is to analyze the current business situation of British Airlines. The study will focus on some of the important factor, which will analyze the current business situation with the application of different kind of Situation Analysis tool. The four tools, which are highlighted in the study, are Market Segmentation tool, PESTEL Analysis Tool, Porters 5 Force tool and Critical success factor tool (Anderson, Havila and Nilsson, 2012). The present assignment is divided into three parts. The first part of the assignment will analyze the entire situation analysis tool in the organization; the second part of the assignment will cover all the accurate management tools and models, which will analyze the internal strategic positions of the company. However, the final part of the study will conclude about the key drivers for change for BA and its implantation process (Aras and Crowther, 2012). Analysis of the Study The first part of the study will conclude about the analysis of different kinds of marking tools in the organization. The notion of market segmentation is a special type of marketing strategy, which involves dividing proper target marketing into different subsets of customers. British Airways maintains a huge target market in the business operations. British Airways maintains five factors in the development process of a proper market segmentation process. The five identified factors are loyal to the loyalty, urgent travelers, and business travelers, budget conscious and regular travels (Bertelsen, 2012). Different kinds of travelers, which are highlighted in the study, comprise different utilities in the overall business plan of the selected organization. SWOT Analysis The second marketing tool, which is used, is the application of the SWOT Analysis. SWOT Analysis is one of the most common and important situation analysis tools which mainly used in the process of situation analysis purpose. There are four factors in the SWOT Analysis process, which will conclude both the internal environment scanning as well as the external environment scanning (Baum, 2012). Strength and weakness are the two factors, which conclude the internal environment scanning, and on the other hand, Opportunities and Threats are the other two factors, which conclude the external environment scanning. Strong Brand image, Open sky agreement, international business operations, and skilled staffs are the strength of the BA. One of the addition point which is highlighted in the study, BA was the official airline for the 2012 Olympic (Cabezas and Diwekar, 2012). The three main weaknesses, which are highlighted in the process of situation analysis of BA, are cost of management, decl ine in profitability and labor strike. Due to the popularity of the airlines and reduction of travel cost, majority of the tourist prefers airlines as the best way to travel as compared with the other modes of travel communication system. Increase in the competition level is the only identified threats for the selected organization (Griffin and Moorhead, 2012). One of the most important factors which majority of the Airline Company faces in the business operations is the increase in the daily fuel cost. In order to solve this particular problem the organization needs to develop proper pricing strategies in the overall business operations (Jin, 2012). PESTEL Analysis In order to scan the external environment, the concept of PESTEL Analysis is highlighted. There are six important factors, which are highlighted in the development process of the PESTEL Analysis tool (Kinicki and Fugate, 2012). The six factors in this particular marketing are tool are Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal are the highlighted factor in order scan the external environment (Lake, 2012). The political condition of United Kingdom is stable as compared with the other nations. Like all other airlines, British Airlines must observe the rules and regulations, which is developed by Federal Aviation Authority (Mangum and Kerr, 2012). One of the significant political factors, which are highlighted, and affects the operations of the business are is the power of trade union. One of the major problems, which the aviation industry in the United Kingdom is facing, is the increase in the insurance cost due to the global fear of terrorism. However, the d emand for air travel is determined by very high-income elasticity (Phillips and Gully, 2013). There are some barriers for the entry of the new firms in the aviation industry of United Kingdom. The social factor concludes the cultural influences, which varies from one country to another. It comes from different tastes and habits of different people in the globe. BA also faces cultural problems in the organizational operation (Robbins and Judge, 2012). The airline industry serves a vast industry of global destinations carrying passengers from one destination to another. It is one of the most challenging jobs for the British Airways to bring harmony in the organizational plans and procedures. Based on the latest news, the British Airways has invested a huge amount of money to the Lotus Technology for the technological advancements. The entire airline industries are constantly looking for the development and improvement process of both technological up gradation and security improvement . With the rapid development of the technological development, the British Airways has decided to adopt the majority of the technological advancement in the overall business operation (Robinson, 2012). Maintaining proper greenery in the environment and ensuring less pollution during the aviation process is the ultimate of the British Airlines. However, different plans and polices of the government and different interest rate structure of the government affects the legal factor in the airlines industry. The political and legal condition of the United Kingdom puts a positive effect in the overall business. The BA was benefited in different ways by the plans and polices which the UK government develops. The Economic condition of the UK is also stable. The rate of inflation and the rate of deflation in UK are very much less as compared with the other European Country. It maintains a stable rate in the overall economic process. The UK is one of the technological sound countries and maintains a rapid pace with the applications of the modern technology. The contribution of different kinds modern technology in the business operations helped British Airways to develop a strong business plan, which includes different application of modern technologies. The role of British Airways is very much significant towards the contribution for the society. It plays a vital role in the development process of the corporate social responsibility. Porters 5 Force Porters five force is another important tool, which is used in the process of situation analysis process. There are five important factors, which are highlighted in the development process of this particular marketing tool (Schermerhorn, 2012). The notion of the five forces includes the suppliers power, buyers power, entry, and exit of the firms, threats of substitution and intensity of competitive rivalry. Cost of fuel, aircraft, and labor, which are the main factors for the suppliers power in BA. A different kind of costs, which includes mainly aviation cost, contributes the buyers power. The entire airline industry in the United Kingdom falls under the notion of the monopolistic marketing structure (Snene, 2012). The entry and exit of new firms is not restricted, however there are few barriers in the entry and exit of the new firms in this particular industry. In order to develop a proper customer base the BA needs to develop a strong and a proper pricing strategy, if the passengers get other alternate option, the group will easily substitute BA with other airlines. There are different barriers which majority of the aviation industry faces in the entry and exit process. However, there are certain possibilities of substitution in this particular market. The entire airlines industry in United Kingdom maintains a good level of completion. The decision-making of one company affects the d ecision making of other industry. This particular industry falls under the concept of the monopoly market structure. There are few aviation companies and large number of passengers. The threats of substitution always remain the same for the organization. Successful Factors Some of the critical success factor of the British Airways is reflected in the following part of the study. Core Competences, vision statement and mission statement and goal setting objectives are the three key points, which are responsible for the critical success of the BA (Zorc et al., 2012). All these factors were developed by this particular organization keeping in mind the requirements of the organizations. Porters generic management tool The second part of the study will analyze the application of different kinds of management tools in the overall performance of the organization. There are certain organizational goals and activities. With the application of these management tools, the organization will get the opportunity to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives. The application of Porters generic management tool will allow British Airways to develop a proper competitive platform. There are four factors, which conclude the application of cost leadership, differentiation, and cost focus and differentiation focus. These are the four factors, which BA follows in the organizational plans and procedure. Choosing the right generic strategy is one of the most challenging jobs for the organization. Value chain management The role of the value chain management plays a vital role in the overall objectives of the organization. The British Airways develops a set of activities in the organizational plans and procedures, which starts from operating in a specific industry. This particular concept helps in the development process of a proper competitive advantage. The resources of the organization are limited; it is one of the most challenging jobs for the organization to develop a proper value chain system among the customers. Culture (Hofstede cultural framework) This point of the study will analyze the importance of the culture in the organization. Different employees join the organization from different cultural backgrounds. The way of working and communication differs from one another, if all the employees follow their own way of working style and communication it will lead to confusion in the organizational plans and procedure. In order to solve this particular problem the job of the management is to bring harmony in the organization. The notion of the Hofstede cultural framework is highlighted in this part of the study. In order to develop proper cultural dimensional activities in the organization, some of the most important and highlighted factor which BA follows towards the Hofstede cultural framework are power distance, individual Vs collectivism, Uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation are the most significant factor in the overall cultural framework. Application of this particular theory will allow the organization to focus on Hierarchy, Centralization, Salary range, Participation, Ideal Boss and Privilege status symbols. BA is benefited in different ways. Shareholders (British Airways) The importance of the stakeholders is immersing in every organization. British Airways maintains a versatile stakeholders base. The role of the stakeholders plays an important role in the development process of the organizational growth and performance. Some of the important stakeholders in the British Airways are Customers, employees, suppliers, media, financial institutions, shareholders, and local community (Britishairways.com, 2016). All the stakeholders play a vital role towards the expansion process. The organization maintains a good and a coordinal relationship with the all the stakeholders are is very transparent about the organizational policies. The stakeholders matrix includes the analysis of four factors. The four factors are Protect, Good Relation, Low Priority, and monitor (Cabezas and Diwekar, 2012). The close competitors of British Airways are Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Japan Airlines, and United Airlines INC. These are the three companies, which compete with the British Airways. The decision making process of one organization is affected by the decision making process of the other organization (Aras and Crowther, 2012). Key Drivers The British Airways has developed four main key drivers in order to develop a proper business structure. The key drivers are Financial Segment, Customers, and Orientations and employees (Britishairways.com, 2016). These are the key drivers which allows the organization to develop a smooth and a strong organizational plans and procedure. Finance is the backbone of all the organizational plans and procedure. Customers are the key result in the business operations and orientations of employees will allow the organization to achieve the common organizational goals and activities. However, GDP growth of an economy, increasing disposable income in the economy, corporate profits, airlines demands, and passenger traffic are the key drivers, which these particular airlines developed in the operations of the business. Conclusion The present study is divided into three parts. Different kinds of marketing tools such as market segmentation, PESTEL Analysis, Porters 5 forces and all the important factors, which concludes the success of the organization, are the key marketing tools, which this organization has developed in the operations of the business. The second part of the study will conclude about the organizational operations. Porters generic tool, value chain management, the notion of the culture in the company, which includes the concept of the Hofstede theory are the key concepts, which are used in the organizational operations. The final part of the study will conclude about the key drivers which majority of the airline companies follows in the operations of the business. Reference List Anderson, H., Havila, V. and Nilsson, F. (2012).Mergers, Acquisitions, and Stakeholders. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2012).Business strategy and sustainability. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Baum, M. (2012).Strategic Management in a Global Context impact of the downturn. MuÃÅ'ˆnchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Bertelsen, B. (2012).Everything you need to know about SWOT analysis. [Newmarket, Ont.]: BrainMass Inc. Britishairways.com, (2016).UK Domestic | Economy Class Flights | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/travel-classes/economy/uk-domestic [Accessed 27 Feb. 2016]. Cabezas, H. and Diwekar, U. (2012).Sustainability. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers. Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G. (2012).Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Jin, X. (2012). Guang Yuan Low-carbon Development Path Based on SWOT Analysis.JSD, 5(8). Kinicki, A. and Fugate, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Lake, N. (2012).The strategic planning workbook. London: Kogan Page. Mangum, C. and Kerr, S. (2012).Centrally planned innovation. Phillips, J. and Gully, S. (2013).Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2012).Essentials of organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Robinson, Z. (2012).Sustainability. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. Schermerhorn, J. (2012).Organizational behavior.. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Snene, M. (2012).Exploring services science. Heidelberg: Springer. Zorc, S., Manfreda, A., Lampert, D., Groznik, A., KrapezÃÅ'Å’, J., SÃÅ'Å’kerlavaj, M., Intzesiloglou, G., Marinova, M. and Ilieva, V. (2012).Digital content SWOT analysis. [S. l.]: FORSEE Partnership.

Social Security Reform Essays (2316 words) - Social Security

Social Security Reform Social Security Reform A little over sixty years ago the nation struggled through what was, up to then, the most dramatic crisis since the Civil War. The economy was uprooted after the crash of the stock market and the country's financial stability destroyed. One of the many steps taken to alleviate the burden on the American people was that of the passing of Social Security Act of 1935 and its amendments by Congress and the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt (http://www.socialsecurityreform.org/history/index.cfm). Under the provisions of the Act, the government would take on the responsibility of taxing the income of all working Americans and returning the money through numerous public benefits and programs which provide monthly benefits to nearly 45 million retired and disabled workers, their dependents, and survivors. Now the nation faces an economic and political problem with the program instituted to earnestly help the people. In the first half of this century the government will face the task of paying benefits to a large generation with funds it will not have. Social Security is the largest Federal Program, accounting for 23 percent of all Federal spending. Almost all political sides agree that Social Security must be reformed in some way before the baby-boomer generation begins to retire and collect. Social Security benefits refer to all those measures established by the government through legislation that help an individual or household to maintain an income of a certain level, insure income if one's employment is lost, provide other assistance for disability, old age, survivors, and other forms of compensation. Social Security may be defined through several characteristics: (1) participation is mandatory. Everyone, including children age 5 or older, is required to have a Social Security (2) Eligibility for benefits and levels of benefits depends on past contributions made by earners. (3) Benefit payments begin at a stipulated time such as at retirement from work, upon temporary unemployment, or with disability (4) Social-insurance benefits are means-tested - one's wealth or lack does not determine whether benefits are granted (Compton's). (5) Currently SS funds are collected and distributed on a pay - as - you -go (PAYG) system in which Social Security taxes from individuals are immediately distributed by the means of the SS Administration as it sees best fit. This means that taxes collected are not reserved for the individual who has paid them: in Rose 2 the current state he or she must rely on those persons paying Social Security taxes during the time of their retirement (Becker). For a n umber of these characteristics and future issues, the Social Security System must be reformed or completely abolished to meet the needs of tomorrow. The leading concerns of Social Security that merits the immediate initiation of reform are the demographic and economic circumstances in the coming century. Even though forecasting the economy and budget over such a long period is uncertain there remain many certainties regarding problems facing Social Security in the first half of the 21st century (OMB, Budget Perspectives 23). The Federal Government's responsibilities extend well beyond the five- or six-year window that has restricted the focus of recent budget analysis and debate. Of these, certainties are the mounting challenges posed from the baby-boomer generation. This generation, born in the years after World War II, is aging and will begin to retire around the year 2005. By 2008, the first baby-boomers will become eligible for social security(OMB 23). With the increased expenditures for baby-boomer group and pre-existing entitlements, a serious strain will be placed on the budget for the majority of the next 100 years. As cu rrently, the PAYG system has allowed for four workers to pay for every retiree. But, when the baby boom generation retires, eventually only two workers will be paying for every retiree(OMB, 1998 Budget 195). Long range projections from research done by the Congressional Budget Office last year observes that Those fiscal demands could produce unattainably high levels of federal debt and taxes unless additional actions are taken to control federal spending (OMB, Budget Perspectives 25). The baby-boomer issue is not the only problem facing the future of the budget regarding Social Security. The Social Security Trustees Report projects that population growth is expected to slow