Dissertation Paper

Thesis Paper Thesis Paper Thesis Paper University understudies some of the time feel lost and baffled when they face the need of composing an exposition paper. Extremely, this assignment is an entangled one; it takes a ton of time and exertion to compose an exposition. Anyway, you have no other way out aside from of start work. Try not to surrender, as you are solid and steady to take the test. In this paper you will locate some valuable tips on the most proficient method to begin work. Pick your point According to the Asian saying, the initial step is halfway. For you this initial step, picking your subject, is truly significant. It relies upon your decision whether your work will be intriguing for you or exhausting, regardless of whether it will be simple or hard to track down information for your thesis paper, and, at last, whether the staff will support you. You will maybe need to have some primer perusing around your subject before you settle on your decision. Be that as it may, don't burn through your t ime, it is no utilization skipping starting with one subject then onto the next. At the point when you believe that you have discovered what you need, counsel the staff. It is imperative to discover a chief, having a profound information regarding the matter, who will support you. Make a harsh schedule of your work It may be not extremely simple to design the work on your exposition paper, which will keep going for a considerable length of time. Understudies here and there hurry to begin their work, however they don't have the foggiest idea where to go. That is the reason they may, for instance, invest bunches of energy gathering proof, however they will be amazingly shy of opportunity with regards to book index. All things considered, it is smarter to set up your plan at the earliest reference point of your work, as it will shield you from restless evenings before the last cutoff time. Counsel your boss You realize that your exposition paper is appointed to you to give you the chan ce to build up your scholarly abilities. A few understudies feel that they can work totally freely. Others simply don't have the foggiest idea how to adapt to this assignment and don't do anything. Them two aren't right, as maintaining a strategic distance from the chief is an exceptionally serious mix-up. On the off chance that you need your thesis paper to present to you the most elevated conceivable imprint, counsel your director at whatever point you need proficient assistance. All things considered, we trust that making a thesis paper will be the most intriguing and productive involvement with your examinations.

Civil Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Social liberties and Responsibilities Essay The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution soon after its confirmation. These revisions ensure certain political, procedural, and property rights against encroachment by the national government (Patterson, 2009). â€Å"A bill of rights is the thing that the individuals are qualified for against each administration on earth, general or specific, and what no equitable government should won't, or lay on impact (Thomas Jefferson). The First Amendment gives the establishment to opportunity of articulation which is the privilege of individual Americans to hold and convey perspectives on their picking (Patterson, 2009). The inspiration of the Bill of Rights was to ensure singular rights and opportunities. The First Amendment mirrors this custom, accommodating opportunity of religion alongside the right to speak freely of discourse, press, get together, and appeal. The three arrangements of the First Amendment are the right to speak freely, get together and religion. The ability to speak freely expresses that you are allowed to state nearly anything with the exception of that which is indecent, smears someone else, or has a high likelihood of affecting others to make up and coming uncivilized move. The opportunity of get together expresses that you are allowed to gather, despite the fact that administration may direct the time and spot for reasons of open comfort wellbeing, gave such guidelines are applied impartially to all gatherings. The opportunity of religion expresses that you are shielded from having the strict convictions of others forced on you, and you are allowed to accept what you like. Opportunity of religion basically implies residents have opportunity to go to a congregation, place of worship, sanctuary or mosque of their decision, or not to go to by any means. The First Amendment permits us to rehearse our religion the manner in which we need to. When discussing opportunity of religion and the First Amendment I consider religion in the schools. Each since the Supreme Court held school-supported supplication illegal in the mid 1960s, there has ben a coordinated and all around subsidized battle to reintroduce religion in government funded schools. State funded schools themselves ought not be in the matter of advancing specific strict convictions or strict exercises and they ought to shield youngsters from being constrained by others to acknowledge strict (or hostile to strict convictions. A Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission request decided in July that the Saskatoon Board of Education must end an act of giving educators the alternative of directing petitions in state funded school study halls and gatherings. By and by, the decision has been basically the Lords Prayer. The decision won't change rehearses in independent schools. The request followed an objection six years prior by nine guardians, including Muslims, Jews, Unitarians and agnostics. About 20% of the 550 government funded school study halls in Saskatoon start the day with supplication. The choice might be offered in court (Globe and Mail, 1999). The connection among religion and government in the United States with regards to the United States Constitution is represented by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which both keeps the legislature from building up religion and ensures secretly started strict articulation and exercises from government impedance and separation. The First Amendment in this way builds up specific cutoff points on the direct of government funded school authorities as it identifies with strict movement, including supplication. Petition ought not have been removed from schools. Guardians ought to be sent home a letter quitting strict exercises and representatives ought to be given a similar choice, however removed it from schools was ludicrous. The instance of Engel v. Vitale (1962) went to the Supreme Court and the case was about a period in 1951 the New York State Board of Regents (the State leading body of instruction) endorsed a 22-word â€Å"nondenominational supplication â€Å"for recitation every morning in the government funded schools of New York. It read: â€Å"Almighty God, we recognize our reliance upon Thee, and we ask Thy favors upon us, our folks, our instructors and our Country.† The Regents accepted that the supplication could be a valuable device for the advancement of character and great citizenship a mong the understudies of the State of New York. The supplication was offered to the educational committees in the State for their utilization, and support in the â€Å"prayer-exercise† was willful. In New Hyde Park, New York, the Union Free School District No. 9 guided the neighborhood chief to have the petition â€Å"said so anyone might hear by each class within the sight of an educator toward the start of the school day.† The guardians of ten understudies in the New Hyde Park schools protested the supplication. They documented suit in a New York State court looking for a prohibition on the petition, demanding that the utilization of this official supplication in the government funded schools was in opposition to their own and their childrens convictions, religions, or strict practices. The State advances court maintained the utilization of the supplication, â€Å"so long as the schools didn't propel any student to participate in the petition over his or his folks objection† (infoplease.com). The Freedom to Assemble gives individuals the option to amass calmly without making any mischief others. As much as I don't concur with the KKK perspectives and assessments they ought to have the option to collect in the event that they do it in a quiet way. The First Amendment forbids government from abbreviating the privilege of the individuals quietly to gather. This fundamental opportunity guarantees that the soul of the First Amendment endures and flourishes in any event, when most of residents would prefer to stifle articulation it discovers hostile. Through the span of our history, opportunity of get together has ensured people upholding heap perspectives. Striking laborers, social liberties advocates, against war demonstrators and Ku Klux Klan marchers have all rioted and walkways in fight or on the side of their causes. At times these endeavors have stirred open help or changed open discernments. Envision a social equality development without the March on Washington or the womens testimonial development without positions of since quite a while ago evaded, bulletin conveying suffragists filling city boulevards. The U.S. Preeminent Court perceived the significance of this opportunity in the 1937 case De Jonge v. Territory of Oregon, composing that the privilege to quiet get together is a correct related to those of free discourse and free press and is similarly central. â€Å"According to the Court, † the option to amass is one that can't be denied without damaging those crucial standards which lie at the base of all considerate and political institutions† (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org). The KKKs option to gather quietly was made sure about by the celebrated 1977 instance of National Socialist Party v. Skokie, in which the American Civil Liberties Union effectively contended that the First Amendment precluded authorities of Skokie, Ill., from prohibiting a walk by the National Socialist Party. Skokie is a Chicago suburb that is home to numerous Holocaust survivors. One administrative appointed authority contemplated that â€Å"it is smarter to permit the individuals who lecture racial contempt to use their venom in talk as opposed to be terrified into setting out on the perilous course of allowing the legislature to choose what its residents may state and hear† (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org). All in all, the First Amendment of the United States secures the rights to opportunity of religion and opportunity of articulation just as opportunity of get together from government impedance. Opportunity of articulation comprises of the rights to the right to speak freely of discourse, press, get together and to appeal to the legislature for a review of complaints, and the suggested privileges of affiliation and conviction. The Supreme Court deciphers the degree of the insurance stood to these rights. The First Amendment has been deciphered by the Court as applying to the whole national government despite the fact that it is just explicitly pertinent to Congress. Two provisos in the First Amendment ensure opportunity of religion. The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause are two statements in the First Amendment that ensure opportunity of religion. The Establishment Clause disallows the administration from passing enactment to build up an official religion or leaning toward one religion over another. It authorizes the detachment of chapel and state. The Free Exercise Clause denies the administration, in many occasions, from meddling with a people practice of their religion. The option to collect permits individuals to accumulate for quiet and legal purposes. Verifiable inside this privilege is the privilege to affiliation and conviction. All things considered, all individuals ought to have an opportunity. They ought to have the option to blacklist and gather calmly without making any mischief anybody. Individuals ought to be allowed to have their various perspectives and assessments of religion, be it that they strict or hostile to strict. To summarize everything I would cherish for everybody to feel that they are free. References http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1961/1961_468 http://www.aclu.org/religion-conviction/program-opportunity religion-and-conviction government-supported religion Religion in schools (educators in Saskatchewan will no longer have the alternative of leading petition benefits in class). Humanist in Canada 130 (1999): 4, 39. General OneFile. Web. 25 June 2012. http://www2.ed.gov/approach/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html

On Flying

On Flying I fly a lot. Fact: aside from April and July, I’ve flown every month so far in 2009. Fact 2: in the four short semesters after enrolling at MIT, my frequent flier account has already broken six figures in terms of lifetime miles. Fact 3: I’ve been in an awful lot of airports. From Fact 3, I can tell you that SFO has pretty great food, IAD has a super cool “Mobile Lounge” vehicle-thingy that transports you from one terminal to another, NRT has the cleanest toilets you can possibly imagine, AMS has 10 euro sandwiches (that are quite bland but are rather cute, from the impeccable European way that the lettuce, tomatoes, and ham are arranged between the triangular whole-wheat bread), and LAX has relatively uncomfortable couches on which to spend the night (ps. MAD doesn’t fare much better â€" although their Starbucks has really soft sofas â€" you just may have to move when the cleaning staff comes over). Naturally, I’ve also been on many airlines and seen how air travel functions in several countries. It strikes me, then, how remarkably inefficient US domestic travel can be (of course, I’m not generalizing across airlines â€" some carriers are far better than others). I want to relate my particular adventure just two days prior, when I flew back from San Francisco to Boston for just a day (on a free ticket though â€" redeemed through my miles). I had to go back to Boston to take a qualifying examination (unrelated to MIT) â€" the alternative was to come back early from Taiwan to do it next weekend, but of course I didn’t want to sacrifice a single hour in Taiwan, so I decided to do it last weekend. Thus began the journey in which I was on the air longer than I actually was physically in Boston. I have omitted the name of the carrier, but you should be able to figure it out easily enough. My flight was the red-eye out of SFO on Friday night at 10:20 PM, and accordingly I scheduled myself to arrive at 9:00 at the airport â€" an hour and 20 minutes for a domestic flight â€" not bad, right? Well, it turns out that there is a line. A LONG line. Just to get to the Self Check-In counters. Sighing, I resigned myself to waiting in line to use one of those machines, helping lost Taiwanese tourists navigating through to Paper Ticket Check-In. Finally, I was at the head of the line. Time check. 9:20 PM. I had an hour left. I proceeded to one of those “Self Check-In Counters” that my particular carrier is extremely fond of, hoping against all odds that perhaps it will actually work this time (I am able to count on one hand the number of times the self check-in has actually worked for me with this particular airline. I don’t think the problem is the self check-in machine or my passport, as I have never had problems with other airlines). Expectedly, the dreaded “blue screen of death” came on â€" “Please see a customer representative for assistance.” To be honest, I’m never sure what the point of having these counters are if one is never able to obtain one’s boarding pass through these machines correctly. Well, customer representative â€" not so bad, right? Wrong. The thing with this carrier is that it is nearly always understaffed in domestic terminals. This particular night, there’s two harried customer representatives overseeing 15 self check-in machines, and one representative looks like he’s ready to murder a group of Korean grandparents that he happens to be helping with checking in. If there’s anything I learned from working in Oakland Chinatown this year, it’s that at certain times, you’ll have to make yourself heard (and seen) or you’ll never get service at all. I managed to get closer to one of the customer representatives (the less murderous one), only to have the rep call out to the entire lobby in an exasperated voice that all passengers having trouble with the self check-in should proceed to the Paper Ticket Check-In line. As if on cue, the mass of travelers and baggage carts began moving towards the other line. Time check. 9:35 PM. Fortunately, I was able to get into the other line before the mass of tourists reached it, falling a few heads behind the Taiwanese tourists, who were winking at me. I counted that there were probably 20 people ahead of me in this line, and if I had any luck at all I might be able to clear this line by 9:50 PM, hopefully leaving half an hour to go through security and board. Quickly, however, I discovered that this second line was not really a “line” at all, but more precisely, a “waiting area.” Various other customer representatives, plagued by customer complaints, were pulling many passengers to the front of the line to the customer representatives at the counter, asking the representative at the counter to check them in ASAP, as they didn’t speak English/they have a lot of baggage/they have a lot of people…etc. At this point, I had precisely 5 people ahead of me to the front of the line, but the line didn’t move for 10 minutes due to these random people popping out of nowhere. Finally, the lady who was at the front of the line cleared her throat loudly. ”Excuse me.” she gestured at a customer rep, ”we’ve all been waiting here for awhile now. We have flights that are leaving in less than an hour too!!”. Everyone looked up, and the reps who were previously pulling people out of the line started converging at the front of the line and beginning to organize a way of systematically getting people to the counter. I was okay, since I’ve started chatting with a lady in front of me who’s also been through this before and is pretty annoyed at the airline too. (“The only reason why I still fly with them is that I have far too many mileage points and it’s too bothersome to switch carriers now,” she told me, “I already stopped bothering with the self check-in and I come directly to the counter now. Better just wait in line than use those damned machines and realizing that you have to wait in line anyway.”) After what seemed to be like ages, a kind gentleman at the desk finally motioned to me over. It felt akin to a deserted lifeboat floating in the ocean, finally seeing the bright rockets sent up by the rescue ship. Time check. 10:00 PM. It turns out that it is already too late to check bags (45 minute cut-off, absolute latest 30 minutes prior), but it’s okay since I anticipated this kind of delay happening and so I just had a small carry-on (I didn’t need clothes anyway, since I wasn’t going to spend the night in Boston). He had to make a phone call over to the gate, since they’ve started boarding already notifying them to wait for me. He handed over the boarding pass and told me to get through Security quickly so I don’t miss my flight. Time check. 10:03 PM. The actual check-in procedure took 3 minutes. Waiting for a rep took an hour. I made it past security, hoping all the while that I don’t get “selected” by the TSA for a spot check, because that means I will really miss the flight and end up spending the night at the airport (remember LAX? This airline has already done it to me in the past when they overbooked the red-eye and actually blatantly gave my confirmed seat away to someone else on the waiting list due to an “administrative oversight.” They gave me $100 in compensation (redeemable gift certificate), but I ended up spending another 8 hours in the airport). I clutched the laptop that I took out for the Security Check and ran all the way to the gate, arriving out of breath, but relieved that the gate hasn’t closed yet. The kind guy at the gate told me that they were about to page me over the intercom, and that I had arrived right on time for the gate to close. “Welcome aboard,” he winked at me, “arrive at the airport earlier next time.” I arrived at Boston at 7:30 AM, went back to MIT to drop off all the MCAT books that I accumulated this summer (that I was going to ship back originally), went and took the test, returned to MIT to say goodbye to a friend, and then headed back to Logan at 2:30 PM for my 4:30 PM flight. Learning from my mistakes, I remember not to use those “damned machines” anymore and headed straight to the counter. I was checked in by 2:35 PM. I was also informed that they couldn’t give me the boarding pass for the IAD to SFO leg (I had a layover at Washington Dulles on the way back) â€" they didn’t tell me why â€" but I should go see customer service there for my boarding pass. I already had a vision of the frantic customer service desk what will be awaiting me at Dulles. I was not wrong. I ended up waiting for 35 minutes in the terminal help desk to collect my boarding pass back to SFO. What I don’t understand is why an airline that flies hundreds of flights each day can be so remarkably inefficient when it comes to ticketing and checking-in. I had confirmed seats on all three legs of this trip, complete with seat number and all â€" I didn’t have to check any bags either â€" and still always had to go to customer service to get help. I was clearly not alone, as there is always an army of passengers near the counter as well. Am I some sketchy person that the airline had told those automated machines not to recognize? And it’s not just the machines either â€" the efficiency with these customer service counters is abysmally-crazy. I’m young, understand English, capable of carrying my own bags and standing in line for extended amounts of time, but what about your other customers who can’t afford to stand and wait so long? Learn from Singapore Airline, guys. (or maybe you just have to fly Business to get decent service) -written during the layover at Tokyo Narita, about to board my 17th flight so far this year. tidbits about flying 1. I don’t mind airplane food at all (my high school cafeteria food tastes worse). In fact, I’ve sometimes had more than one portion when traveling with friends who didn’t want to eat. On a very rare occasion, the aforementioned airline bumped me at no charge to Business class, where I had steak. STEAK!! It’s amazing how Economy food gets worse and worse and Business/First food gets ridiculously awesome. 2. I like window seats (especially on the right side) for flights under 6 hours, since I can usually nap the whole way against the window. I like aisle seats for trans-Pacific flights, since I won’t feel bad about disturbing other people to get to the bathroom. 3. At first I never understood why people prefer to board early. For me, getting on the airplane early just means having to sit on the airplane longer on an already long flight. Recently, I finally realized the reason why if you dont get it early, there will be no more overhead compartment space left. 4. People who have humongous roller carry-on trunks in order to save money should dieeee X( 5. Many Asian airlines have instant noodles that are manufactured by the airline, which you can’t buy outside of the airplane. Ask for it on long flights! The JAL one, for example, tastes awesome. 6. I rarely watch movies on long flights. Instead, I just don’t sleep much the night before (well, I don’t try to, but I usually sleep 4 hours before the flight because of natural procrastination =p). Thus, I usually just pass out and wake up only for meals. It makes the long flight go by faster, anyway. 7. I once had 8 cans of apple juice flying from San Francisco to Taipei. (I just had 5 flying from SFO to Narita). Haha, hey, I 3 apple juice and they’re free on the airplane! 8. The absolute best memory of airplane food is flying from Taipei to Manila during my junior year in high school on a mission trip. We were flying China Airlines and we actually had lu rou fan!. Lu rou fan is a traditional Taiwanese snack/light meal that consists of pork stewed with soy sauce, rice wine, and spices over rice. The kicker is that the airplane food actually came with a braised egg as well (lu dan â€" you usually put it in along with the pork during the cooking process as it makes the cooked egg afterwards a delightful treat, having absorbed all the flavor of the condiments and the meat). 9. I’ve met many people on flights or just in airports, waiting during a layover. One of the most interesting individuals I’ve met was a manager at a big telecommunications company, whose job is to fly from city to city (mainly domestic, but also international) to assess the productivity and efficiency of the company branch in that particular city and to also troubleshoot problems on behalf of the main office. He told me that last year, he spent over 300 days away from home, and visited over 100 cities in 35 states. Through his work, he has been able to visit all 50 states and 37 countries, with nights spent in too many hotel rooms to remember. He showed me a travel map that he kept in his planner, which folds out to be a map of the United States, peppered with a red dot for each city that he visited. At the same time, regrettably, he also told me that he never married precisely because of his job â€" he’s moving too fast to have a stable family. “I felt that I had found the perfect job for me, since it was my dream to see the world when I was growing up, but at what cost to my personal life?” he mused. 10. Finally, an incredible romance story came from a professor that I met on a flight from Tokyo to Chicago last year. I took the liberty of summarizing his story by a lot. “Believe it or not, I met my wife [who was sitting next to him] in an airport. We were delayed in Frankfurt after the airport was forced to close due to low visibility and snow, and it seemed like our flight back to the US seemed unlikely that morning. We were both pretty bored and was looking for someone to chat with, so we started talking and it pretty much clicked from the get-go, or as the expression goes. I was coming back from an academic conference and she was coming back from a business trip â€" but soon we realized that we had a lot in common. Well, to make a long story short, we ended up spending seven hours or so waiting for the weather to clear up â€" we went and got lunch, and some coffee afterwards. After returning to the States, we exchanged phone numbers, and soon began seeing each other on a regular basis. About a year later, we got married. Sometimes I ask myself what would have happened on that day if the flight never got delayed or if I haven’t just happened t o be sitting next to this particular lady. You know, at times, I still look back on all these years and everything seems too good to be true, just like what happens in movies â€" but wouldn’t you agree that the best movies are those that mirror human life?” I told my mom this story, and she plainly said, “You know, in real life, it’s near impossible to have a situation where you can’t do anything for seven hours except talk to a girl. He must have been really lucky.”

What Is the IPCC

IPCC stands for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It is a group of scientists charged by the United Nations (UN) Environment Programme to assess global climate change. It has for mission to summarize the current science behind climate change, and the potential impacts climate change will have on the environment and people. The IPCC does not do any original research; instead it relies on the work of thousands of scientists. The members of the IPCC review this original research and synthesize the findings. Â   The IPCC offices are in Geneva, Switzerland, in the World Meteorological Organization’s headquarters, but it is an intergovernmental body with membership from UN countries. As of 2014, there are 195 member countries. The organization provides scientific analyses that are meant to assist with policy making, but it does not prescribe any particular policies. Three main working groups operate within the IPCC, each responsible for their own portion of periodic reports: Working Group I (physical science basis of climate change), Working Group II (climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability) and Working Group III (mitigation of climate change). Assessment Reports For each reporting period, the Working Group reports are bound as volumes part of an Assessment Report. The first Assessment Report was released in 1990. There have been reports in 1996, 2001, 2007, and 2014. The 5th Assessment Report was published in multiple phases, starting in September 2013 and ending in October 2014. Assessment Reports present analysis based on the body of published scientific literature about climate changes and their effects. The conclusions of the IPCC are scientifically conservative, putting more weight on findings supported by multiple lines of evidence rather than on the controversial leading edge of research. Findings from the assessment reports are featured prominently during international climate negotiations, including those ahead of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference. Since October 2015, the chair of the IPCC is Hoesung Lee. an economist from South Korea. Find highlights from the report’s conclusions about: Observed global warming effects on the oceans. Observed global warming effects on the atmosphere and land surface.Observed global warming effects on the ice.Global warming and large scale climate phenomena. Source International Panel on Climate Change

Discipleship and Marks Gospel Essay examples - 888 Words

Discipleship and Marks Gospel Marks Gospel can tell us the entire truth about discipleship, telling Christians about the faith, responsibility, and sacrifice involved in following Jesus. Some may even say that we glimpse a harsh reality of what it really means to be a true Christian disciple and to have complete faith. Although in saying this, it is important to note that Marks Gospel does also cover the rewards and the actual meaning of discipleship. This is important to include as Marks Gospel was written at a time when Christians endured much persecution. They may have wondered why they should tolerate this treatment without any kind of reward and so Mark included this in his gospel.†¦show more content†¦These were Peter, James and John, who were witnesses to events such as the transfiguration and in the garden of Gethsemane. This friendship with Jesus could also be interpretated as an alliance with God, this alliance of course had to last after the death of Jesus and so still applies to Christians today. Disciples were also expected to learn from Jesus. It is apparent in Marks gospel that Jesus would often criticise the disciples for their inability to understand some of Jesus teachings, but always the disciples would listen to him and eventually, they would understand. This applies to modern Christians in that they should listen to Jesus teachings (in church, the bible etc.) and be willing to understand, accept his judgement and live by his teachings. Faith is of course, a crucial part of discipleship. It is extremely important for a Christian to give themselves in their entirety to God and to Christ and to show total devotion. Mark tells us interestingly however, of a time when Peter shows weakness in faith. When asked after Jesus arrest, Peter completely denies knowing him, as predicted by Jesus. However, after the resurrection, Peter is shown forgiveness- Now go and give this message to his disciples, including Peter. Mark shows us that even during failure as a disciple, you can beShow MoreRelatedDiscipleship in Marks Gospel Essay486 Words   |  2 PagesDiscipleship in Marks Gospel In the world today, discipleship in Mark’s Gospel is being used as a guide to the modern disciple. The disciples in Mark’s Gospel are good role models for Christians today. Disciples were taught to care for one another and always put others before themselves; this is reflected in Christians today. An example of a disciple like this is Bob Geldof who is a good role model who helped raise money by using his talent and the talent of othersRead MoreNature of Discipleship and Studying Marks Gospel Essay2134 Words   |  9 PagesNature of Discipleship and Studying Marks Gospel St Mark, peter interpreter, is trying to send a message to Christians about what being a disciple involves and what it takes to be a disciple i.e. The cost, The Reward and The dependency. These are all the things I will be pointing out in this essay, (especially the nature of discipleship and what Mark tells and about discipleship. Disciple means learner or student. Followers of Jesus are all his disciples because theyRead MoreSt. Marks Gospel and the Nature of Discipleship Essay example1105 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Marks Gospel and the Nature of Discipleship The word disciple is used to describe the very first followers of Jesus. This term is also applied to anyone who calls him or herself a Christian. The word disciple is derived from the Latin-discipulus, meaning pupil or learner. Jesus was not the only person to have disciples there are also references to the disciples of the Pharisees and also John the Baptists disciples. The word is also used to describe the twelve Read MoreThe Nature of Discipleship According to Marks Gospel Essay example1811 Words   |  8 PagesThe Nature of Discipleship According to Marks Gospel Discipleship is usually thought of as following Jesus, being a preacher and a teacher. Somebody who believes in something, or who believes in someone, and leaves everything behind them to try to make others believe the same is my personal belief of a disciple. In actual fact, the Old Testament word Talmid is a learner, and more obviously in the New Testament, a Diskipolos is a follower. The other importantRead More Analysis of Marks Gospel Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential part of the New Testament – Mark’s Gospel. An analysis of Mark and his community will be discussed as well as interpreting Jesus’ teachings and his significant theme of Discipleship as it was then and in present society. A Gospel in general, is a textual document written in narrative form of the good news and teachings proclaimed by Jesus to announce the power of God. Mark’s Gospel is one of four others (Matthew, Luke and John), where each Gospel has its differences in structure, languageRead MoreAnalysis of Marks Gospel1889 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential part of the New Testament Ââ€" Marks Gospel. An analysis of Mark and his community will be discussed as well as interpreting Jesus teachings and his significant theme of Discipleship as it was then and in present society. A Gospel in general, is a textual document written in narrative form of the good news and teachings proclaimed by Jesus to announce the power of God. Marks Gospel is one of four others (Matthew, Luke and John), where each Gospel has its differences in structure, languageRead MoreWhy Mark 16 : 8?2204 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Church’s history. â€Å"If there is one thing that unites Christians across the globe, even if only loosely, it is the resurrection.† (Smith, 2010) As in the other three gospels, the narrator of Mark begins telling his rendition of the resurrection by recounting the visit by Mary Magdalene and her companions to the tomb of Jesus. Mark’s version of the story, however, differs significantly from Luke’s, Matthew’s, or John’s in one important way: the actual resurrection. Upon arriving, the women find theRead MoreEssay on Discipleship1532 Words   |  7 PagesDiscipleship Before talking about what Jesus says about discipleship it is necessary to explain what a disciple is and then look at what he teaches. A disciple is someone who follows Jesus and spreads the word of God. In Marks Gospel Jesus calls five men to be his disciples this would later grow as twelve disciples. The five men were all fishermen except one who was a tax collector their names were Simon, Andrew, James, John and Levi. These were all ordinary peopleRead MoreThe Meaning of Discipleship Essay2133 Words   |  9 PagesThe Meaning of Discipleship Discipleship revolves around following Jesus both physically and spiritually. Both the first disciples and Christians today are followers of Jesus. A disciple of Jesus would be expected to respond immediately to Jesus, love his neighbour, be willing to forgive sins, show generosity, accept persecution and live their lives using gospel values in everything they do and say. The first disciples of Jesus were expected to give up everythingRead MoreMark s Views On The Gospel Of Mark880 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved that the Gospel of Mark was written in the time period of 66 through73 CE, sometime during the Jewish Revolt. Mark makes reference to the destruction and rebuilding of the temple in chapter thirteen of his writings. He references other events that happened during the time period of the Jewish revolt later in the same chapter. These events were the fleeing of the people to the mountains and the hardship the admirers of Jesus in Palestine had during the Jewish Revolt. Mark’s proposed audience

Alternative Medicines Final Free Essays

Analyze how western (aliphatic) medicine could benefit from incorporating more eastern (holistic) medicine. Use at least three specific examples. (6 points) Aliphatic medicine could benefit from many of the principles of holistic medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Medicines Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the eight basic principles of holistic health care is that health requires an Integration of mind, body and spirit. This Idea Is present In meditation and research suggests that those who meditate are healthier. Especially In regard to stress Induced Illnesses. Western medicine could also benefit from the idea that the individual must affirm arsenal responsibility for their own health. Too often in our society people don’t want to change the habits that are making them unhealthy. Another principle that could provide benefit to western medicine is the idea that disease is a process and provides an opportunity for personal growth. Currently western medicine views disease as a negative and focuses on treating symptoms. 2. You are developing a cardiac rehab class for patients after they have heart surgery. You could use Respiratory One Method, Mindfulness Meditation, or Imagery. Explain which one you choose to use and why. 4 points) Studies Indicate that ROOM Is an effective treatment In cardiac disorders, reducing PC’s and Instances of SW, however it does not specify post cardiac surgery results. On the other hand imagery has proved to be helpful pre and post surgery in recovery times. Imagery shows to benefit blowfly, reduce inflammation, reduce anxiety, help with pain and even improve cancer patients outcomes. Based on it’s wide range of benefits, I would utilize Imagery. 3. You want to try an Eastern therapy (Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, or Arrived) for your asthma. Choose one and describe your reasoning. (4 points) I would choose Acupuncture based on the research and experiments mentioned in the book. Several different studies by Berger and Fund Indicate † acupuncture superior to sham acupuncture for relieving acute symptoms of despise. † peg 330. In reading throughout the book, I was unable to find any evidence regarding the other treatment options in relation to asthma. Other tests conducted referenced on pages 335-337 indicate improvements in various symptoms regarding asthma. . You are experiencing chronic low back pain. Explain which alternative health practitioner you will volt and detail the reasons why you choose him/her. (4 points) treatment would have been the best treatment option. However, while researching this question I found that progressive relaxation has proven benefit as well as the ability to increase pain tolerance. Acupuncture seems to be the most effective treatment option as there are more studies that support its effectiveness. 5. You have an infection and decide to complement your prescription medicine with aromatherapy. Describe which essential oil you choose, what method of application ND why. (4 points) I would choose Lavender as a topical application to the infected site. â€Å"in 1910 Gatehouse burned himself badly in a laboratory experiment. † He used Lavender as a rinse to treat the gangrene that developed at the burn site. This essential oil stopped the gasification of the tissue. 6. You are experiencing a stressful time in your life. Assess which complementary or alternative health therapies you will incorporate into your schedule to reduce your stress. Evaluate how they will benefit you. Choose at least three. (6 points) Aromatherapy: â€Å"Certain essential oils such as lavender, rose, enroll and vituperating are well known† for the ability to potentially reduce stress. Essential oils have the potential to reduce stress, induce deep relaxation and promote better sleep. Music Therapy: Research indicates that music can affect mood states, decrease pain and increase cognitive function. Music selection must be appropriate to the desired effect. Exercise: Research concluded, † High stress college students who participated in an exercise program reported greater decreases in depression than those who articulated in a relaxation program or no treatment. Another study indicated a high intensity workout program significantly reduced psychological tension. 7. You are choosing an herbal remedy to take for anxiety. Examine which herb you choose and why, including pharmacological properties, action, side effects, and interactions. (4 points) I would choose Kava Kava as it is considered non-addictive anxiety reducing agent comparable to painlessness’s. It has demonstrated effects as a sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. Kava seems to act on he limbic system, which helps regulate the emotional process in the brain. Side effects include sleepiness and at high doses it can increase RFC, cause blood in the urine, decrease platelet count and cause shortness of breath. Research shows that using kava even after 3 months can result in liver failure and death. So great caution needs to be used in taking this herb. Therapy could assist an athlete’s performance. Pick a sport and be specific. (4 points) Football players face incredible impact on Joints, muscle tissues, tendons and ligaments. It is common for them to receive professional massage to address these damaged and stressed areas. Benefits of massage would affect the circulatory and muscular systems by increasing circulation and enhancing venous return. Statistically significant results in reducing welling has been observed. Football players would also benefit from massage and its effects that it has on the skeletal system. It would increase Joint mobility and flexibility. Massage would also greatly benefit the nervous system in reducing pain response and increasing relaxation. 9. Analyze the legal and ethical issues of implementing Erik energy therapy into the hospital setting. 4 points) The legal issues regarding implementing Erik therapy into hospitals are there are no recognized regulatory or governing board. So the training, education and protocols are inconsistent and hospitals cannot guarantee the quality of treatment or care offered by these professionals. Therefore they can’t ethically recommend these treatments without any standards of care. 10. Because of your family history, you are concerne d about getting cancer. Evaluate hat steps you could change in your environment to decrease your health risk. How to cite Alternative Medicines Final, Papers

Curriculum Development for Masters in Nursing Education

Question: Discuss about curriculum development for masters in nursing education. Answer: Objectives Leadership development in nursing is the procedure that enables a nursing professional to increase his competency and act as a leader. This development should be introduced for the undergraduate nursing students to apply skills, attitudes and knowledge while performing the task and role of a nurse. The main objective of the leadership development is the success of the organization, which will ultimately lead to the improvement of the patient outcomes (Foli et al., 2014). The professional nursing abilities get increased, decision making capacities get enhanced and the interdisciplinary collaboration gets improved for the assessment of the responsibilities and roles of professional nursing (Huber, 2013). Leadership development of nursing also has several other objectives for its implementation. These have been listed below. Critical thinking: Leadership development leads to the improvement of the critical thinking ability of the nurses. Therefore, it is important for the development of new leaders in the profession. Communication: Effective communication leads to better organizing abilities. Hence, it is necessary for the nursing leaders to have good communication skills. Resource management and nursing technology: The objective of nursing leadership development is the implementation of novel technologies and management of the available resources (Yoder-Wise, 2014). Therefore, development of nursing leadership is very important regarding proper patient care delivery. Assessment: Nursing leadership enables the professionals to conduct proper and suitable assessment of the situations and it becomes very important in case of emergencies. Nursing leaders handle the situation with proper experience and expertise for better patient handling. Disease prevention, risk reduction and health promotion: Nursing leaders can effectively organize the healthcare delivery system and implement novel technologies for patient care. These will lead towards health promotion of the patients by reducing the risk of diseases and thereby preventing diseases. Disease and illness management: Proper leadership of the nursing professionals will lead to the better management of the illness and diseases. The patients will be provided with better health outcomes with efficient nursing leaders. Healthcare technologies and information: Better technologies in healthcare can be implemented only if the nursing leader has the view for better patient compliance. Therefore, it is very crucial for the nursing leader to have enough information for the recent developments in nursing. Ethics: The ethical factors of the profession of nursing can be well maintained by a well-knowledge leader. So the leadership development becomes important when it comes to ethical delivery of patient care in nursing. Human diversity: The nursing professionals have to go through diverse populations of patients. Nursing leadership comes to play when these patients of different backgrounds need to be attended with care as per their preferences and cultures (McCormack, Manley Titchen, 2013). Global healthcare: The profession of nursing is growing and so efficient nursing leaders will be required to have effective vision for global patient care. Coordinator, designer and manager of care: Nursing is among the basic profession of healthcare. So the leadership development of nursing will be required for effective coordination of the team work, designing of the patient care services and managing the patient care for ultimate care delivery and maintaining the goodwill of the profession. Content Outline The content outline for leadership development in nursing for the undergraduate programs should include topics, which are essential for the professional growth of the future nurses. The topics should be arranged in such a way that they cover almost all the situations in the nursing profession, where leadership is required (Titzer, Shirey Hauck, 2014). Some of the contents have been discussed below. Leadership theories: Leadership theories enable the nurses with the opportunity for the application of the skills in various situations of patient care through critical reflection, understanding of the process and proper evaluation. These theories are required for the future development of the practice. Since the nurses play an important role in the various settings of healthcare like outpatient activity, polyclinics, surgical communities, etc. so the application of the leadership theories will be required for the development of the services and take them forward (Scott Miles, 2013). Leadership qualities and characteristics: Leaders have the characteristics and qualities to direct, dictate and delegate. Nursing leaders act in a team with other professionals and help each other achieve the highest levels of their services (Hunter, Mc Gonigle Hebda, 2013). To develop competent and professional leaders in the nursing profession, the content should have the option for the development of the leadership qualities and characteristics of the nursing students. This can be achieved through various advocacy and educational activities. Vision and values of leadership: The content should enable the students to develop the vision and values of nursing leadership. The vision of a nursing leader should have the primary objective of providing the care to the patients, which is of the highest level. The leader should have the vision to handle only one patient at a given time with great attention on the quality of care delivered. The leaders should have the basic qualities of serving the patients with dedication and compassion for improvement of the literacy and awareness of health among the patients. The leadership development program should also have the content of developing the core values among the leaders. These values include patient care to promote the healing, hope and health and integrity, to respect the morality and dignity of the different patients. Diversity based on differences and uniqueness should be equally observed and treated and excellence implementing and co-creating the strategies of transformation. Leadership styles: The students should be made aware of the styles of leadership that can be implemented in the profession of nursing. This is possible only when they are included in the content of the nursing curriculum for the leadership development. The various styles of leadership begin with the servant leadership, where the leader assures the addressing of the needs of his team members regarding various issues of patient care. The transformational leadership includes the motivation of the team members and building up of relationships by sharing his mission and vision in the profession of nursing. The autocratic leadership includes the decision making of the leader without consulting his team members and this is mainly implemented in case of punishment and negative reinforcements (Zwink et al., 2013). Decision-making and problem solving: Decision-making and problem solving abilities are the core competencies of the leaders in the nursing profession. So the content of the curriculum should contain these factors to develop the future leaders. The leaders need to make good decisions in case of tough situations by their conceptual skills. Problem solving abilities are important for patient safety and care. Interdisciplinary issues have to be handled efficiently along with the issues of patient treatment. Future Curriculum Development The future of the curriculum development in nursing education should have the objective that the nurses should be provided with the highest level of training and education through an advanced educational system that provides ample opportunities for academic progression. The healthcare sector is undergoing major changes and therefore, the practice environments are changing. To keep pace, the nursing education system should also undergo profound changes (Sherman et al., 2013). These changes should be applied to the theoretical as well as practical levels of their education. Nurses should be provided with the better and proper understanding of the healthcare management, change management at the systems level and methods of quality improvement. The roles of the nurses have to be reconceptualized in a system of reformed healthcare. The nursing education should enable the students with lifelong learning opportunities and make them prepared for higher education. Relevant care based on culture is a future trend in nursing education. For meeting the health needs of the patients in future and to provide them with relevant care based on their cultures, the nursing education should incorporate the care diversity. The need can be met by increasing the student body diversity. All levels of nursing education have to be addressed with this need. The nurses should also possess competencies in various areas of healthcare, rather than focusing on general healthcare. These areas include public health, leadership, community care, health policy, research and evidence-based practice. Also, more and more students should be encouraged and facilitated to undertake the doctoral program to meet the shortage of research and faculty programs (Grossman Valiga, 2012). The licensing, certifying and accrediting should be made mandatory by the respective organizations for the demonstration of the core competencies and skills on the completion of the nursing education. The bodies of nursing bodies should be made more diverse to overcome the underrepresentation of the ethnic and racial groups who are in minority (Brown, Crookes Dewing, 2016). Another change that can be implemented in nursing education in future is that the students should be provided education along with the physicians and other professionals involved in healthcare. This education should be facilitated throughout their professional careers. The most revolutionary inclusion in the future curriculum of nursing is the eHealth or electronic health technologies. For the application of this technology, skilled nursing professionals have to be developed who can implement this technology in patient care (Higuchi, Wen Masaki, 2013). They should be trained with the subjects of informatics and eHealth to increase the interdisciplinary collaboration, education of information literacy and technologies, which are client centered. References Brown, A., Crookes, P., Dewing, J. (2016). Clinical leadership development in a pre-registration nursing curriculum: What the profession has to say about it.Nurse education today,36, 105-111. Foli, K. J., Braswell, M., Kirkpatrick, J., Lim, E. (2014). Development of leadership behaviors in undergraduate nursing students: A service-learning approach.Nursing education perspectives,35(2), 76-82. Grossman, S. C., Valiga, T. M. (2012).The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. FA Davis. Higuchi, M., Wen, A., Masaki, K. (2013). Developing future nursing home medical directors: A curriculum for geriatric medicine fellows.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,14(3), 157-160. Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hunter, K., McGonigle, D., Hebda, T. (2013). The integration of informatics content in baccalaureate and graduate nursing education: a status report.Nurse educator,38(3), 110-113. McCormack, B., Manley, K., Titchen, A. (Eds.). (2013).Practice development in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Scott, E. S., Miles, J. (2013). Advancing leadership capacity in nursing.Nursing administration quarterly,37(1), 77-82. Sherman, R., Dyess, S., Hannah, E., Prestia, A. (2013). Succession planning for the future through an academic-practice partnership: a nursing administration master's program for emerging nurse leaders.Nursing administration quarterly,37(1), 18-27. Titzer, J. L., Shirey, M. R., Hauck, S. (2014). A nurse manager succession planning model with associated empirical outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(1), 37-46. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014).Leading and managing in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zwink, J. E., Dzialo, M., Fink, R. M., Oman, K. S., Shiskowsky, K., Waite, K., ... Le-Lazar, J. T. (2013). Nurse manager perceptions of role satisfaction and retention at an academic medical center.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(3), 135-141.

Hrm Practices in Bangladesh Essay Example

Hrm Practices in Bangladesh Essay HR practices in Bangladesh Introduction ? Background Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means Country of Bengal in the official Bengali language. Bangladesh is the eighth most populous country and is among the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh has a high poverty rate. However, per-capita (inflation-adjusted) GDP has more than doubled since 1975, and the poverty rate has fallen by 20% since the early 1990s. The country is listed among the Next Eleven economies. Dhaka, the capital, and other urban centers have been the driving force behind this growth. Bangladesh is divided into seven administrative divisions,[44][45] each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal ( ), Chittagong ( ), Dhaka ( ), Khulna ( ), Rajshahi ( ), Sylhet ( , and Rangpur ( ). Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the di visional, district or upazila levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Practices in Bangladesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Practices in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Practices in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of twelve) in every union for female candidates. ? History of Bangladesh: ? Pre European era: Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC. The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the 7th century  BC, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries  CE. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the 12th century by Arab Muslim merchants; Sufi missionaries and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. European era: European traders arrived late in the 15th century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The bloody rebellion of 1857 – known as the Sepoy Mutiny – resulted in transfer of authority to the crown with a British viceroy running the administration. During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, inc luding the Great Bengal famine Figure : Dhaka, March 11- 1948 of 1943 that claimed 3  million lives. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone. When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, with the western part going to India and the eastern part (Muslims majority) joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka. ? Pakistan era: In 1947, West Pakistan and East Bengal (both primarily Muslim) separated from India (largely Hindu) and jointly became the new country of Pakistan. East Bengal became East Pakistan in 1955, but the awkward arrangement of a two-part country with its territorial units separated by 1,600 km left the Bengalis marginalized and dissatisfied. Despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, however, Pakistans government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan. Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, Figure 2: Signing the Instrument of Surrender President Yahya Khan arrested him in the early hours of 26 March 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight, a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Before his arrest by the Pakistan Army, Sk. Mujibur Rahman formally declared the independence of Bangladesh, and directed everyone to fight till the last soldier of the Pakistan army was evicted from East Pakistan. The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months and achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan on 16 December 1971 ? Independent Bangladesh: After its independence, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974, and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On 15 August 1975, Mujib and most of his family members were assassinate d by mid-level military officers. A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culminated in the ascent to power of General Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party politics, and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zias rule ended when he was assassinated by elements of the military in 1981. Bangladeshs next major ruler was General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who ained power in a bloodless coup in 1982, and ruled until 1990, when he was forced to resign after a massive revolt of all major political parties. Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zias widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991, and became the first female Prime Minister in Bangladeshi history. However, the Awami League, headed by Sheikh Figure 3: House of Parliament Hasina, one of Mujibs surviving daughters, won the next election in 1996. It lost again to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 2001. On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The caretaker government held what observers described as a largely free and fair election on 29 December 2008. Awami Leagues Sheikh Hasina won the elections with a landslide victory and took the oath of Prime Minister on 6 January 2009. ? Demographic analysis of Bangladesh: Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous. Indeed, its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group, which comprises 98% of the population. Bengalis, who also predominate in the West Bengal province of India, are one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. Variations in Bengali culture and language do exist of course. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. In 2009 the population was estimated at 156 million. Religiously, about 90% of Bangladeshis are Muslims and the remainder is mostly Hindus. Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of city-states and small countries such as Malta. The mid-2009 estimate for total population was 156,050,883 which rank Bangladesh 7th in the world (CIA). Figure 4: Population growth of Bangladesh The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshis are ethnic Bengalis, comprising 98% of the population. The remainder is mostly Biharis and indigenous tribal groups. Nearly all Bangladeshis speak Bangla as their mother tongue and it is the official language. It is an Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit origin with its own script. English is used as a second language among the middle and upper classes. English is also widely used in higher education and the legal system. Health and education levels remain relatively low, although they have improved recently as poverty levels have decreased. Most Bangladeshis continue to live on subsistence farming in rural villages. Health problems abound, springing from poor water quality and prevalence of infectious diseases. The main religion practiced in Bangladesh is Islam (89. 7%), but a significant minority adheres to Hinduism (9. 2%). The majority of Muslims are Sunni. There is a small Shia and an even smaller Ahmadiyya community. Ethnic Biharis are predominantly Shia Muslims. Sufi influences in the region go back many centuries. Other religious groups include Buddhists (0. 7%, mostly Theravada), Christians (0. 3%, mostly of the Roman Catholic denomination), and Animists (0. 1%). ? Socio- cultural background of Bangladesh: Reflecting the long history of the region, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. Bengali literature reached its full expression in the nineteenth century, with its greatest icons being poets Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, for example Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli and stories related to Gopal Bhar. The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based (Baniprodhan), with minimal instrumental accompaniment. The Baul tradition is a distinctive element of Bengali folk music. Numerous other musical traditions exist including Gombhira, Bhatiali and Bhawaiya, varying from one region to the next. Folk music is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine as well as having its own unique traits. Rice and curry are traditional favorites. Bangladeshis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, some common ones being Roshogolla, chomchom and kalojam. The sari (shari) is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. A guild of weavers in Dhaka is renowned for producing saris from exquisite Jamdani muslin. The salwarkameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quite popular, and in urban areas some women wear western attire. Among men, western attire is more widely adopted. Men also wear the kurta-paejama combination, often on religious occasions, and the lungi, a kind of long skirt. Society in Bangladesh is still characterised by joint families and respect for women and elders and love and care for children. Old parents and elderly dependants are taken care of by the families of their sons or daughters or relatives as their good wishes and prayers are deeply valued as propitious for receiving Gods kindness. Muslims greet their elders in the Islamic way with assalamu alaikum with the right hand raised to touch the forehead and Hindus with namashkar accompanied by folded palms. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, being the most important holidays in the Islamic calendar, is the subject of major festivals. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chad Rat (the night of the moon) and is often celebrated with firecrackers. Major Hindu festivals are Durga Puja, Kali Puja and Saraswati Puja. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and Christmas, called Borodin (Great day), are both national holidays. The most important secular festival is Pohela Baishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poush parbon (festival of Poush) and observance of national days like Shohid Dibosh and Victory Day. ? Economic and business scenario in Bangladesh: At April 2010, USA based ratings agency Standard Poors (SP) awarded Bangladesh a BB- for a long term in credit rating which is below India and well over Pakistan and Sri Lanka in South Asia. And, despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation. Its per capita income in 2008 was US$520 compared to the world average of $10,200. Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80% and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows very significant quantities of rice, tea, potato, mango, onion and mustard. According to FAOSTAT, Bangladesh is one of worlds largest producers of: Rice (4th), Potato (11th), Mango (9th), Pineapple (16th), Fruit, Tropical (5th), Onion (16th), Banana (17th), Jute (2nd), and Tea (11th). Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class, and its consumer industry has also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the emerging BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the Next Eleven, along with Egypt, Indonesia, Vietnam and seven other countries. Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment. A number of multinational corporations and local big business houses such as Beximco, Square, Akij Group, Ispahani, Navana Group, Transcom Group, Habib Group, KDS Group, Dragon Group and multinationals such as Unocal Corporation and Chevron, have made major investments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Central Bank of Bangladesh projected GDP growth around 6. 5%. In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority. †¢ Objective The objectives of this report are to get an in depth understanding of the HR practices followed by USA and Bangladesh and to develop an HR model for Bangladesh that would prove to be practical and highly effective in the present Bangladesh corporate HR scenario. In particular this report would focus on the various socio-cultural, economic and demographic aspects of the present American society and explore the aspects that are truly unique and distinguish them from the rest of the world. The HR policies and trends practiced in corporations and human resource managers of US is of particular concern as it would assist in identifying the uniqueness and superiority of the American business organizations that makes them the global leaders in the business world. The current HR practices and policies followed by human resource managers in Bangladeshi organizations would also be scrutinized in this context to get a clear view point as to where the present Bangladeshi Human Resource Management is positioned. This would help to determine the weak links that exist in the HRM of Bangladeshi corporations and provide us a ground to compare and contrast the HR strategies followed by US and Bangladesh. In addition this would help in establishing the base for the HR model that will be developed as the main objective of this project. Scope Both the United States and Bangladesh have a rich historical background and cultural heritage. However while USA lies in between the Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, Bangladesh lies half way around the world some 8260 miles from border to border in the south east Asian region surround from all sides by India in the feet of the Himalayas. So it is quite natural that there exist immense differences among the two c ountries not only in terms of language and culture but also in terms of socio-economy. While US is one of the highest earning countries with annual GDP of over 14 trillion US dollars as of 2010, Bangladesh is among the poorest countries of the third world with annual GDP less than 0. 9 trillion. So it can easily be implied that there are major differences in the organization perspective also. This report examines the similarities and differences that exist among the two countries in the corporate HR environment. Being the world’s third largest country both in size and population, the United States is a nation moving forward rapidly and successfully with its unique cultural diversity. Throughout the years, America has experienced waves of immigration from virtually every corner of the world molding the country into what it is today. After establishing its independence in 1776, the United States has endured civil war, the Great Depression, and two World Wars to become the richest and most powerful nation state in the world. In addition, today the US economy is considered to be the strongest and technologically most powerful. The concept of individualism in the US plays a significant role in the lives of many Americans. American culture emphasizes individual initiative and personal achievement. Independence and self-reliance are highly valued and also extends to the workplace where business is frequently carried out autonomously. Consequently, one’s position in US society is determined by one’s own achievements as oppose to status or age. On the other hand Bangladeshi culture is more emphasized towards collectivism. Family life and values are of great importance and many people still live in large extended families. The concept of collectivism is also reflected in the workplace where employees work in a collective environment and decisions are made collectively. Americans are also task centered and thus the primary purpose of communication is to exchange information, facts, and opinions. While Bangladeshis are more concerned with socializing therefore it is quite common that business acquaintances are also close family friends. In the US, conflict is dealt with directly and openly, and for this reason, Americans will not hesitate to say â€Å"no† or criticize others in public. Bangladeshis are more conservative when dealing with conflicts so it is considered disrespectful to criticize somebody in public. If somebody has a problem with somebody it is dealt discreetly rather than in the presence of others. An important element of American culture is the concept of equality. Despite the many differences within American society, there is a collective understanding of the notion of equality that underlines many social relationships in the US. Americans believe in having equal rights, equal social obligations, and equal opportunities based on the concept of individual merit. Although the values and notions of modern Bangladeshis have changed to take more liberal form of equality in terms of genders is among the more concerning issues that plague the Bangladeshi society. Women are still treated as ‘the lesser sex’ in the predominantly male culture of Bangladesh. In the US, punctuality is an essential part of business etiquette and as such, scheduled appointments or meetings must be attended on time. Americans perceive lateness as a sign of disrespect. Therefore, in situations where you know you will be late, a call should be made to inform your American colleagues of your delay. Deadlines are strictly adhered to in American business culture. Americans place great emphasis on getting the best results in the quickest time. American counterparts may appear to be hasty in their decision-making. This, however, is due to the fact that the concept â€Å"time is money† is taken extremely seriously in the US. Bangladeshi people are not so strict in maintaining punctuality. It is quite natural for employees to come late to attend important meetings and appointments show reasons of traffic jams. Decision making also takes more time and effort from both managers and employees than American counterparts. In accordance with American business culture, the hierarchical chain of command often supersedes personal relationships. Personal competence, professionalism, and accountability for individual performance are highly valued in American business culture. As a result, managers are only approached for help in essential situations. In Bangladeshi business culture it is expected that managers will help in every situation and frequent help of the manager is sought rather than taking matters into own hands. Developing personal relationships are not as significant in US business culture as they are in some Asian countries. In the United States, the overall goal of business is to secure the best deal, therefore forming company relationships are of greater value. It is common for Americans to make clear distinctions between work colleagues and friends in their social life. In the US, meetings tend to be rather formal and little time is spent on cultivating social relationships. However personal relationships are of utmost importance in Bangladesh. People tend to form close friendships with office colleagues and many meetings are rather casual in nature and a great deal of effort is given by the manager to be acquainted with his or her subordinates. Americans respect their privacy and personal space. So it is often found that coming into any form of physical contact such as hugging when greeting for the first time may cause the American to be offended. However it is not case in Bangladeshi culture. Business acquaintances shake hands and may even pat on the back for appreciation even though they have met for the first time. Gift giving is often discouraged or limited by many US companies and therefore most employees are unable to accept them. However it is customary to present gifts to colleagues and bosses in many occasions in Bangladeshi business organizations. It is clear from the above discussion that similarities as well as differences exist in both Bangladeshi and American business environment. The scope of this report therefore provides us insight into the similarities and differences of HR practices of Bangladesh and USA and also presents us with the opportunity to create a HR model that can address the negative issues that exist in present HR policies of Bangladeshi organizations. The model will not only adapt into the heart of the organization but also prove to be successful in generating positive results for the sustainability of the organization.

Little Red Riding Hood Essays

Little Red Riding Hood Essays Little Red Riding Hood Paper Little Red Riding Hood Paper Little Reds Bad Characteristics Throughout the different versions of Little Red Riding Hood, the character, Little Red, is tricked into telling the wolf where her sick grandmother lives. The wolf then takes advantage of Little Reds innocence and unintelligence by arriving at the grandmothers house first and eating her before Little Red can visit with her sick grandmother. Although her innocence could have been the reason she told the wolf information when she should have kept to herself. It couldVe even been the fact that she is too unintelligent to realize her actions have a cause and effect to them. Actually, it was a combination of innocence and unetelligence that causes the situations in the fairy tale. These two traits go hand and hand, giving the wolf the opportunities he needs to get a good meal out of the huge ordeal. Early in the story Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault, Little Red told the wolf exactly where her sick grandmother lives. She lives beyond the mill you can see over there, in the first house you come to in the village (34). This evidence exposes Little Reds innocence. By not knowing any better, she breaks the rule of Never talk to strangers. She told the unknown, dangerous wolf where her vulnerable grandmother lives. The wolf then took the opportunity that Little Red Riding Hood has given him to race to grandmothers house and eat the poor sick grandmother before Little Red has the chance to arrive and aid her. Because of Little Reds innocence, the wolf was able to take advantage of her. Leading to consequences she has to face. Later on in the tale, Little Red shows her another example of innocence when she arrives to her grandmothers house in the Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perraults version of the fairy tale. The wolf had already eaten the grandmother and disguised himself by wearing her clothes. Little Red Riding Hood heard the hoarse voice of the wolf and thought that her grandmother must have caught a cold (34). This provides evidence that Little Red did not remember the wolfs voice after Just talking to him earlier that same day. By being to childish and innocent, she did not play close attention and not taking in consideration that the wolf is dangerous and should be cautious when coming into contact with. Since she was careless, the wolf tricks Little Red into thinking he was her grandmother. Since she failed to remember his voice one, this resulted in the wolf successfully tricking her for a second time. In a different version of the tale Little Red Cap by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Little Red is too innocent to realize the door was surprisingly open already, giving her a gut feeling that something was wrong. She was surprised to find the door open, and when she stepped into the house she had such a strange feeling that she said to herself: My goodness, Im usually so glad to see grandmother. Why am I frightened today? (36). She ignored these unusual signs and went into the house with no suspension rather than being alert of danger. Since she was not alert and aware, she kept her two characteristics of being innocent and unintelligent strong. She was too innocent to think that something was wrong and to proceed with caution. In addition, she lack intelligence by not realizing that her gut was telling her something was different and to be more careful while entering grandmoth ers house. Leading to another cause and affect into the story. Since she walked into the open house without thoughtfulness, she paid the price by being gobbled up. Little Reds unintelligence trait also affects the choices she made throughout the tale. In the ersion Little Red Cap by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm she did not have the knowledge of the wolf being a wicked beast and should be cautious when interacting with a wolf. But Little Red Cap didnt know what a wicked beast he was so she wasnt afraid of him. (36). This proves to the reader that Little Red Cap did not have the knowledge of the wolf being a force to reckon with. Her unintelligence blinded her to obtain the knowledge to know how wicked the wolf is. Resulting in the wolf being able to abstract information of Little Reds grandmother location and being able to eat the sick grandmother. Little Red revels her lack of intelligence in the story Little Red Cap by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. She fails to see the wolf disguised as her grandmother by wearing her grandmothers clothing. Then she put on her clothes and her nightcap, lay down in the bed, and drew the curtains. (36). Little Red fails to recognize that the wolf is not her grandmother and is deceiving her. She should have noticed a difference between a hairy animal that is much larger than a sick old grandmother. In result of Little Red not being able to tell that it was a wicked beast, she was dealt the same fate as her grandmother. In addition, throughout all versions of Little Red Riding Hood, she asks the wolf, who she believes is her grandmother, questions. For example in the story Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault she asks, Grandmother, what big ears you have! All the better to hear you with, my dear (35) or Grandmother, what big arms you have! All the better to hold you with, my dear (35). Little Red calls out the obvious traits that divide the differences of physical appearance between a human and a wolf. By not being able to tell the difference between a wolf and a grandmother proves the lack of intelligence that Little Red has. In result of her lack of intelligence, she also is gobbled up by the wolf, just like her sick grandmother. In conclusion to all the evidence collected from the different versions of Little Red Riding Hood, evidence proves that the combination of Little Reds traits caused the outcome of the fairy tale versus a single trait causing the scenario to form. Since she was to innocence to see the wolfs tricks, she had to face consequences. Both the traits of innocence and unintelligence play a huge role in the fairy tale. Giving the wolf leverage to trick Little Red and to ultimately eating her poor, sick grandmother.

Finance part of a Executive Memorandum Case Study

Finance part of a Executive Memorandum - Case Study Example With the increased market niche, more fans will attend the matches and more revenues will be realized. Consider the following projected financial position of the organization in 2015 and 2016. This projection is aimed at increasing the present revenues and profits through advertising and increasing the market niche by capitalizing on the anticipated popularity increase in tennis. Unlike 2014, which recorded losses, the above financial forecast for 2015-2018 can be achieved if the losses incurred are minimized such that the sponsorship given by the WTT is invested in other activities. This will make the organization financially sound even for the interested investors to bring their money in the organization. Similarly, the aspect of increasing the price of tickets should be avoided instead various management strategies such as marketing and satisfying the needs of the already identified market segment should be implemented. Various incentives such as drinks should be made affordable during the matches. This will increase the number of the fans thus enabling attainment of the set goals and projections. The aspect of market segmentation and advertising is fundamental in these financial plans since it serves as the driving force to the realization of increased market niche and consequent increased revenues. Since the organization is â€Å"pass- through entityâ € , the net income realized in the period 2014-108 as indicated in the financial plan will be passed to the owners who will be taxed at individual basis. The profits ratios from 2015 through 2018 indicate theta the organization is viable for investors. The margin range of 0.55 and above is a good indication of the organization’s positive progress. If the owners sustain this trend, then the profit margin is expected to increase in coming years and this will assure the owners big profits. In this case, the organization does not experience a

Marriage and Psychological Well Being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriage and Psychological Well Being - Essay Example A substantial survey carried out by Stack and Eshelman measuring marital status and happiness across 17 nations using a sample of 18,000 adults concluded that married couples were more likely to report being happy than those who cohabited.(Less,2007;Stack and Eshelman, "Marital Status and Happiness: A17-Nation Study.") There are many resons offered for the claim of being more happiness between married couples compared to other couples. One of them claims that married people are generally healthier than unmarried people and those who are healthier are likely to be happier.(Wu et al,2003) Other explanations include greater commitment levels within marriage, which in turn have an effect on people's perception that the relationship will last. Another consequence of the perception of greater commitment is that there tends to be lower levels of stress and higher levels of security among married couples, and, therefore,better psychological well-being.(Less,2007;Marcussen) A further explanation is that the greater financial stabil... A further explanation is that the greater financial stability within marriage, associated with the higher income of married men, leads to lower levels of stress, and higher levels of well-being and relationship quality.(Lees,2007; S. Korenman and D. Neumark,1991) Increased sexual satisfaction has also been offered as an explanation because studies show that married couples rate their sex lives more satisfying, on average, than do those involved in cohabiting relationships.(Less,2007;Ower and Oswald,2006) Role of marriage in youths mental health Marriage is a natural, ocular and inevitable need for human beings and as the above researches shows, it is the most safe and healthy method for males and females to live together. Refusal of this need causes a lot of physical and mental problems and perhaps, one of the reasons of huge part of stress and neural pressures in human life nowadays is the latency in time of the marriage. Boys and girls, on the ascent and descent of their life, are in need for a safe environment and a sentimental base and the best person that can secure this base is a consort/helpmate. They can have safety, security and mental health together. Around 1400 years ago, muslims prophet (prophet Muhammad ) also said : " Help unmarried people marry because God makes their comportment better in that case" and today, after alot of research by psychologists and sociologists, the same result has came through. They say that marriage is in a positive relation to mental health. Researches shows that married people are in much better mental health situation than other people. Less neurotic signs has been seen among

The context of Reward management

The context of Reward management In 1960s and 1970s the main cause behind introducing incentive schemes was to build path of giving workers wages and salaries at a time of government controls (Bowley et al 1982). Due to lack of proper strategy and policies, some of employers gain reduced cost and even below 50% of increased outcomes; in 1980s and 1990s the concept of paying people was changed where worker were paid for their performance rather than attendance; similarly taxation policy was slightly changed as lower rate in income tax(Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005). Payment system has been drastically changed in Britain over the last twenty years and lots of concepts are emerged in relation to compensation and remuneration which are directly in control of management; similarly, in USA, a new concept of payment has emerged under the rubric of the New Pay. This new pattern has great influence on Britains management practice and government as well (White, G and Druker, J, 2000). The new pattern of thinking about New P ay in Britain is reward management (term used by Armstrong and Murlis 1988) has same management concern. Then, these concepts fall upon two ground; 1) rewarding employees for work done and 2) remuneration system to be conditional upon business policy. Furthermore, the interest in reward system concept had been boosted by IPD professional syllabus which includes lots of unit and title on employee reward and a specific text book (Armstrong, M, 1999). The new syllabus by IPD provides higher emphasis on rewarding employees and employees satisfaction towards job. However, this holistic approach of payment has not, to date, reflected in academic literature, where controversy arises between micro-economics literature of labor economists and human resource literature. The former concern was about effect of pay on whole economy and impact on inflation, productivity and employment. Afterward, in contrast, draws both upon the industrial with regulation with employment relationship and organiza tional behavior (White, G and Druker, J, 2000). Now, the existing textbook focused largely realistic than imaginary, which ignore collective bargaining and employee voice, continue to play in lots UKs organization (Armstrong, M, 1999).The parallel employee relation also include title to describe pay bargaining systems (Gennard, J and Judge, G, 1997). Most importantly, the impact of control relation with in the work area and its impact on reward management plans and policies are polished over IPD texts. Core personnel and Development text (Marchington, M and Wilkinson, A, 1966) being an honorable exemption to this approach. Reward management has fascinated increased attention in recent years. Pay structure and system of payment are collectively determined and influenced by context of society in which they implemented (Steven, J, 1996). For most of the work is, in the main, a source of disutility, and they therefore require payment to compensate them for the time they devote to it. (Elliott R.F, 1991) Reward management is not only about money. It is also concerned with those non-financial rewards which provide intrinsic or extrinsic motivation (Armstrong, M and Murlis, H 1988) Reward is about how staffs are rewarded and valued in return of their performance towards organization which may includes both financial and non financial rewards and embrace the plan, policies , strategies, and reward layout prepared by an organization to maintain smooth reward system (Armstrong, M, 2009).It signifies one of the vital factors supporting the employment relationship (Kessler, 2005). It can be defined as fundamental expression of job relationship. It is concerned with the formulation, and implementation of plans and policies to reward employees fairly, equitably and consistently on the basis of their performance. The development, maintenance, designs and implementation of reward system is done to fulfill needs of both organization and employees (Armstrong, M, 2009). Both organizational and employees values are significant for align reward practices (Brown, D, 2001). It can influence a number of human resource policies, processes and practices which have great impact on organizational performance(Lawler, 2000a).It becomes an essential tool to coordinate, communicate and reinforce the organizational goal because it incentivizes staffs to achieve objectives and apply required capabilities and skills supporting them (Brett, S, 2006). As a result employee feels that they are considered as valuable asset of an organization (Jaques, E, 1961). All the organization has their own reward system without that employee would not join, come to work and perform less than they are supposed to perform with the mission statement of organization (Wilson, T, B, 2002). Reward system is a system which contains various interrelated process and activities done effectively in order to fulfill organizational goal and maintain employees value (Armstrong, M, 2009). It consists of monetary reward (Fixed and variable) and non monetary (employee benefits) which together mixed and form total remuneration. The main sections of reward system are process, practice, structure, scheme and procedure. Process includes job evaluation, market rate analysis and performance management, Practice includes financial benefits and non financial benefits provided to employees, Structure describe level of rewarding people on the basis of structure and their performance, Schemes explain financial rewards and incentives provided to employees, Procedure for maintaining system and ensuring that worker work according to standard and value of money. Reward system provides systematic way to deliver positive consequence (Wilson, T, B, 2002). Cost is the vital factor in reward and for service oriented organization, labor cost have important proportion on overall cost; however, lower labor cost doesnt always minimize cost , some time high labor cost leads towards increased turnover because of excellent performance due to motivation(Pfeffer, 1998). The proper implementation of strategic reward management helps to change employees behavior and attitude towards organization due to effective reward strategy; there are number of factors which mix along these type of straight-forward cause effect relationship; therefore, there is high possibility that reward strategy might helps in organizational change (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005). Reward Issues Boardroom pay has been brought back under the attention after it emerged that CEO of FTSE100 companies receive around  £3.2 m in 2006 where analysis also emphasize that there is narrow gap between American and British pay(The Times, 29 October 2007).Employees of the largest UK companies are ultimately starting to contribute the decent amount of defined contribution and pension; Employers are tends to put much less defined into the defined payment pensions that has largely replace salary scheme for new employees- only 6-7% of salary, Paul Macro, senior consultant with the firm saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦approximately 15% of the salary that generally accepted as being the level of contribution needed to provide a decent income in retirement (Financial Times, 14th November 2007). Employee compensation, remunerations and reward (terms that may be used interchangeably in the literature, although compensation tends to predominant US commentary) may be defined as all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits employees receive (Milkovich and Newman, 2004:3). Reward Theory Labor Market Theory The term labor market implies that, the struggle on labor in capitalist society where product and services are traded in market; employee tries to spend their labor in maximum best prices and similarly employer bargain to purchase labor in minimum best price (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Classical labor Market Theory The concepts of constant choice by the groups to effort-reward relationship emphasize classical labor market theory; the demand of labor meets supply of labor exactly where pay will be determine in labor market is known as market clearing'(Black, J, 2002). The only effective policy is to pay what other do (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003:15). Fig: According to above figure, the supply of labor is equal to demand of labor where employee will accept the job at the price that offer by employer: it is a value of marginal productivity of labor. This theory explain that there is tough competition among employer in term of paying their employees but finally every employer has to pay same as everyone pays. This theory indicates that paying strategy always leans toward symmetry where demand and supply of labor meets. This model of the employment system address the famous classical economist Adam Smith and its neo classical restatement by other neoclassical economists like: Jevons, Menger and Walrus; every one is free to choose their best price either employees or employers, employee compete with other employee for wages and similarly employer compete with other rivals for labor(Watson, M, 2005). Logically looking for Maximum utility, worker will accept work after comparing overall benefit of different works; thus work that are less satisfying, include more threat and hard to achieve mastery will require higher amount of wages compare to other work whose feature are opposite (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). However, the concept of labor market was changed form middle of twentieth century, number of research indicate that the real situation of labor market doesnt run according to previous assumption given by classical economists; the paying system might effect in market force whereas some economists argues that it needs to remove market distortion'(Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). Whether or not, labor supply by employees to employers is not the single economic issues; it is the effort employed by employees when employed (Rees, 1973) Stand as alternative economic theory of classical labor market theory, institutional Labor Economic Theory describes the different wage level and dependent on organizational issue; employees and employers anticipation will be rest on maximizing in their financial concern (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). In term of strategic initiative, higher level executive plan the contract in such a way that it minimizes the economic cost by putting labor satisfaction in effective and efficient ways; in other word, both employees and employers make a decision about work relationship comparing all the economic issues and interest; rationality between both party and their interest and wants remain significant Transaction Cost Theory Assumption (Williamson, O, 1975). Similarly, Resource Based Theory of Firm explains that economic effectiveness and efficiency will be increase through subsidiary scheme to take benefits of organizational resources; employee reward are parallel to HRMs other features a nd is arranged to maintain organizational culture (Kessler, I, 2001; Purcell, J, 1999). Whereas, new institutional approach strategy theory describes the number of political and social issues tackling employees in an organization; organizational system (both internal and external) helps to design better employees reward system (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Human Capital Theory Human Capital Theory makes an assumption that individuals gather human capital by investing both time and money in training and development, education, and other various opportunities based program in order to increase their efficiency and productivity and as a result employees value to employers (Abercrombie, N et al, 2000). Human Capital Theory (developed by Schultz and Becker in the 1960s) differentiates between expenditure made on human capital and employees consumption; market are for the service of capital, not the reserve capital itself. In order to achieve HRM objectives of motivating employees and get work done through them, manager must balance between cost and skills (Hendry, C, 2003). Exchange Theory explains the relationship between production, employees and employers enter into the contract that employees are willing to accept work and perform their best; similarly, employers are agreed to pay extrinsic rewards and working environment; then employers change hired labor power into labor economic values where employer are likely to invest more in permanent workforce than in temporary workforce (Atkinson, 1984; Kalleberg, 2003). Efficiency Wage Theory According to theory, the managerial policy to gain more efficient employment agreement in medium term; worker will employ their capita; to secure optional work boost pay rate but it cause loss to the employer so, paying higher reward levels is a logical employers reaction in order to hold skilled employees (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). This theory also describes a possible corrective aspect, concentrating on what economists do to labeled soldiering on the part of worker; more optimistically, this theory theoretically introducing a sorting effect'(Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Those organization who needs more and skilled human capital to operate their business use above-market wage levels in order to attract expected employees; where close supervision will be reduced; this relates to Responsible autonomy policy (Friedman, A.L, 1984). Paying above-market reward for skilled workforce might be suitable option than to employ additional supervision; this concept will be attractiv e in case of knowledge workers (Rubery, J, 1997). Principle Agent Theory Principle Agent Theory is also known as Agency Theory with the concept the deferred payment method; it emerged as dominant theory on economics and management in term of pay determination process and results; according to this theory, reward system must be design in the way that it satisfies the employees in term of pay and internal ladder of advancement; employees need full payment of their work and effort in short term, in other hand if job length is long then employees stay beyond the below market rate in early phase of employment (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). This theory emphasize result based deferred reward such as profit sharing, gin sharing, incentive plans, stock ownership etc designed for high level staffs; the size of deferred reward depends upon job complexity; Employees potential total earning and career opportunity will determine the risk sharing behavior of employees (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Role of employees and employers should be designed effectively t hat it simply explain the characteristics of individual represent that position; thus role theory simply explain how behavior and attitude are socially influence (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Internal Labor Market Internal labor market where organization search for a constant association with their workforce; structured internal labor market may be created and maintained few or all the employees from external labor force effecting on organizations ability to preserve its worker (Keer, 1954, cited in Hendry, C, 2003). The theoretical construct of the labour marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may be more precisely defined as an administrative unit within which the market functions of pricing, allocating and often training labor are performed. It is governed by the set of institutional rules which delineate the boundaries of the internal market and determines its internal structure. These or administrative hiring and work rules defines the ports of entry into the internal market, the relationship between jobs for purpose of internal mobility, and privilege which accrue to worker within the internal Market (Doeringer, 1967:207, cited in White, G, 2000) In united state, after the First World War the development of internal market emerged where demand of both products for equity from trade union and modern personnel management was emphasized in long-term planning (Cappelli, P, 1995). In contrast, most British entrepreneur didnt build internal labor relation but depends upon market mechanism for obtaining labor (Gospel, 1992). Under ILM, wages and salaries was attached with work rather than employees (Williamson, O, 1975). Workers are rewarded through long-term benefits and advantages rather than monetary reward where pricing and allocation of labor are determined by organizational rules and policies (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). Wage Gap Theory Another neo-institutionalist approach was Wage Gap Theory which indicate the same dominant power exercise by employers on their product market to distribute higher part than the normal profit with the employees and employees commitment towards organization for enduring of production (Heery, E, 2000). Wage rate across six OECD nation remained almost equal and controlling labor quality and effectiveness. (i.e. USA, Canada, Sweden, Australia, Norway and Germany); the wage paid to employees in return of their effort seems less considerable comparing with rate of trade union and collective bargaining (Zweimuller, J and Barth, E, 1992). Criticism of neo institutionalist arguments The practical role of employees reward construction and level of typical social science whether at national level or organizational level; management has required employment relationship on more flexible pattern in order to transfer risk from employer to employee and to facilitate organizational product market or to enhance return on shareholder investment. (Rubery, J, 1997).During 1980-1990, the institutional approach of designing fair wage and arrangement with reward enjoy by employees were reduced, supported by government policies that pay should be based upon organizational ability to pay which reduce the power of trade union and popularity of the collective bargaining (Beaumont and Hunter, 2000) The existing reward determination theory was found ineffective in its overruling importance on stability and mutuality building where as majority of interest is on employment relationship thats why labor market policies should be reconsider; more attention should be given for disputes that profit values are redistributed between organizational stakeholders to privilege economic capital over human capital; the expectation between groups, balance of policies have courageously transfer in the side of management (Rubery, J, 1997). Reward Objectives The success of any reward system fully depends upon clear and concise objectives; the first step in consulting a strategic corridor through the reward jungle is to set achievable objectives, basically, to make employees satisfied and get work done from them is a primary objective of reward system (Brown, D, 2001). Organizations are starting to understand that pay should not de considered in term of particular job and financial results; the compensation should be inextricably being attached to employees, their performance and organizational vision and goals as well as most valuable and important tools for communicate, coordinate and reinforce the attitude and behaviors for results (Flannery et al, 1996). Reward management aims to support the achievement of organizations strategic and operational objectives, helps to communicate, drive and support expected attitude and behavior, promote continuous development, compete in employment market, enhance teamwork, and promote flexibility, gai n fairness and equity (Armstrong, M and Murlis, H, 1998). Similarly, support culture management and change through matching pay and organizational culture as a whole, where as it cannot drive change or lead change process, cannot define change, cannot establish values and cannot establish effective leadership (Flannery et al, 1996). Furthermore, the European study under total rewards underpinned the following as a objectives and themes of rewards: introducing more flexible and changeability reward rather than control oriented and highly structured, market driven rewards, more flexible employee based, focused on variable pay, promoting boarder concept of reward in relation to contribution in their organization, implementing variety of reward tools, involving managers and staffs in those rewards cases and so on(Perrin,T, 1999). Total Reward Reward that include not only traditional, financial component (salary, wage, pay, benefit etc) but also non-financial component (job responsibility and accountability, career opportunities, training and development etc) provided by an organization in order to motivate its employees (Thumpson, 2002). Reward that covers not only tangible pay like pay and benefits, but also intangible factors, such as opportunity to work flexibly, career development, trainings and environment where employees feels respect and valued (Brett, S, 2006). It includes direct as well as indirect and intrinsic as well as extrinsic (Manus and Graham, 2003), which embrace everything that employee values in employment relationship (Oneal,Sandra 1998). The combination of both monetary and non-monetary reward which helps to address every staff whether they want financial or non financial; the tools that are used to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employee in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness that drive desired attitude in workplace (World Bank, 2000). Total reward is vertically integrated organizational strategy and horizontally integrated with HR strategies to gain internal consistency (Armstrong, M, 2009). The success of totals reward strategy is almost all depends upon monetary and non-monetary rewards provided to employees by employers (Davis, M.L, 2007). an approach to providing a package of reward to employees in the way that optimize employee satisfaction with reward from their work, and which does this in such a fashion that the employees contribution to employer is optimized at an acceptable cost -Vicky Wright, CIPD vice president (CIPD National Conference 2001) It is fairly simple to understand but very complex in operation owing to the wide -ranging implications forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..reward management (Richards and Hogg, 2007:4) All the employers available tools that may be used to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employees, this encompasses every single investment that an organization makes in its people, and everything its employees value in the employment relationship. (World Bank, 2000) The termà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦adopted to describe a reward strategy that brings additional component such as learning and development, together with aspects of the working environment into the benefit package. It goes beyond standard remuneration by embracing the company culture, and is aimed at giving all employees a voice in the organization, with the employers in return receiving and engaged employee performance. (Richards and Hogg, 2007:1) Whistling the initial definition on offer, the relationship might be distinguish between total reward and various thoughts and ideas like employee well-being and psychological contract (Guest and Conway, 2004); similarly, emotionally intelligent leadership (Brown et al, 2006; Goleman, 2002; Palmer et al, 2001); mutual gain'(Bacon and Blyton, 2006); as well as employee involvement program (Cox et al, 2006) and high involvement work practice'(Huselid, 1995) and so on. Therefore, adopting the wide concept of reward, everything that employees get in return of their efforts is total reward (Davis, M.L, 2007). Therefore, the total reward component of World at Work can be summaries as follows: compensation, benefits, work-life, performance and recognition and development and career opportunities (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). In USA, both old and new style organization are taking on board total reward strategy. In other hand, same author comment that too often, when companies talk about total reward they simply mean providing generous benefits and positive workplace. Guaranteeing jobs, supporting an attractive work-life balance, adding benefits and pay- scale, encouraging development and opportunities and making work area appealing all makes poor business sense without understanding the needs of high performance. They also told they feel most existing solutions ignore performance and encourage entitlement (Zingheim, P and Schuster, J, 2000). Transactional (tangible) Rational (intangible) Communal Individual Work Environment Core value of the organization Leadership Employee voice Recognition Achievement Job design and role development( responsibility, autonomy, meaningful work, the scope to use and develop skills) Quality of work life Work-life balance Talent management Benefits Pension Holiday Health care Other perks flexibility Learning and Development Work place learning and development Training Performance management Career development Pay Base pay Contingent pay Cash bonuses Long-term incentives Shares Profit sharing Figure: 2 Towers Perrin model of Total Reward Source: (Armstrong, M, 2009) In the above given figure, upper two boxes (i.e. Pay and Benefit) indicate transactional reward which are financial in nature. In other hand, lower two boxes (i.e. Learning development and work environment) indicate rational reward which are non financial in nature The effective reward is the one which consist of both transactional and rational rewards (Thompson, 2002). The success of organization depends upon its staffs. If staffs are satisfied and loyal towards organization than overall goals can be achieved. However, some business organization fails to motivate their employees in aspect of reward. So, considering the fact, organization should apply both financial and non financial reward (i.e. Total reward). Financial/ Extrinsic Reward Rewards like pay, benefit, salary, incentive are financial or extrinsic reward; various kinds of benefits and perks provided to employees in non-cash as a benefits and helps to motivate employees to perform better, similarly it also shows employers interest in employees well being(Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Non-Financial/ Intrinsic Reward Intrinsic reward can be divided into two parts; Environmental reward and Development oriented reward (Kessler, I, 2001). Environmental rewards are like employees value shown by senior supervisor, managers in work place, sensitivity of supervision and leadership excellence; similarly, development oriented reward are individually targeted to enhance career development and opportunity as well as helps to built sense of accomplishment in employees(Milkovich and Newman, 2004). Intrinsic reward is also regarded as psychological reward which indicate psychological contract in work relationship (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.).